Table 1 Patients demographics
From: Persistent incisional pain at 1 year after craniotomy: a retrospective observational study
Characteristic | Total (n = 102) | Patients without persistent pain (n = 79) | Patients with persistent pain (n = 23) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 68.5 [63.0, 72.7] | 69.0 [63.5, 73.0] | 66.0 [61.5, 69.5] | 0.23 |
Female | 63 (61.8) | 48 (60.8) | 15 (65.2) | 0.80 |
Body mass index(kg/m2) | 22.9 [20.1, 24.8] | 22.9 [20.7, 24.9] | 21.3 [18.8, 23.7] | 0.15 |
ASA-PS | 0.88 | |||
1 | 7 (6.9) | 5 (6.3) | 2 (8.7) | |
2 | 90 (88.2) | 70 (88.6) | 20 (87.0) | |
3 | 4 (3.9) | 3 (3.8) | 1 (4.3) | |
4 | 1 (1.0) | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
Comorbidity | ||||
Symptomatic cerebral vascular disease | 5 (4.9) | 5 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.58 |
Hypertension | 61 (59.8) | 54 (68.4) | 7 (30.4) | 0.002 |
Ischemic heart disease | 6 (5.9) | 5 (6.3) | 1 (4.3) | 1 |
Atrial fibrillation | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | NA |
Peripheral arterial disease | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | NA |
Pacemaker or defibrillator | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | NA |
Asthma | 6 (5.9) | 6 (7.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0.33 |
Diabetes | 19 (18.6) | 15 (19.0) | 4 (17.4) | 1 |
Respiratory function | ||||
Obstructive lung disease | 21 (20.6) | 15 (19.0) | 6 (26.1) | 0.55 |
Restrictive lung disease | 3 (2.9) | 3 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 |
Medication | ||||
β-blocker | 5 (4.9) | 5 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.58 |
Steroid | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | NA |
Statin | 24 (23.5) | 21 (26.6) | 3 (13.0) | 0.26 |
NSAIDs | 6 (5.9) | 6 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.33 |
Opioid | 1 (1.0) | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 |
Laboratory data | ||||
Serum albumin (g/dL) | 4.3 [4.2, 4.5] | 4.4 [4.2, 4.5] | 4.3 [4.2, 4.4] | 0.98 |
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.70 [0.60, 0.83] | 0.71 [0.60, 0.85] | 0.70 [0.59, 0.75] | 0.13 |
Body pain | 52.4 [46.1, 60.3] | 60.3 [46.1, 60.3] | 46.1 [38.2, 56.4] | 0.002 |
Mental health | 50.7 [44.9, 50.7] | 50.7 [44.9, 56.9] | 44.9 [36.3, 50.7] | 0.005 |
Disease | ||||
Aneurysm | 39 (38.6) | 27 (34.6) | 12 (52.2) | 0.07 |
Tumor | 43 (42.6) | 33 (42.3) | 10 (43.5) | |
Others | 19 (18.8) | 18 (23.1) | 1 (4.3) | |
Site of craniotomy | ||||
Supratentorial | 77 (75.5) | 60 (75.9) | 17 (73.9) | 1 |
Infratentorial | 25 (24.5) | 19 (24.1) | 6 (26.1) | |
Anesthetics | 1 | |||
Inhalation agents | 11 (10.8) | 9 (11.4) | 2 (8.7) | |
Propofol | 91 (89.2) | 70 (88.6) | 21 (91.3) | |
Scalp nerve blocks | 8 (7.8) | 6 (7.6) | 2 (8.7) | 1 |
Dose of fentanyl (mcg) | 200 [100, 300] | 200 [112, 300] | 200 [100, 300] | 0.70 |
Dose of remifentanil (mcg/kg/min) | 0.28 [0.23, 0.36] | 0.28 [0.22, 0.34] | 0.31 [0.23, 0.37] | 0.36 |
Blood loss volume (mL) | 50 [0, 150] | 50 [0, 150] | 50 [0, 167] | 0.71 |
Surgical duration (min) | 251 [187, 296] | 241 [186, 297] | 261 [220, 294] | 0.33 |
Postoperative medication | ||||
Dexmedetomidine | 33 (32.4) | 23 (29.1) | 10 (43.5) | 0.21 |
Acetaminophen | 40 (39.2) | 30 (38.0) | 10 (43.5) | 0.63 |
NSAIDs | 83 (81.3) | 63 (79.7) | 20 (87.0) | 0.55 |