Table 2 VAS scores for pain in the three intervention groups at different times

Before surgery

5.38 ± 1.71

4.76 ± 1.54

4.19 ± 1.85

0.081

2h after surgery

6.73 ± 2.03

6.76 ± 1.58

6.44 ± 1.39

0.507

6h after surgery

4.42 ± 1.60

4.03 ± 1.01*

4.75 ± 1.04

0.049

24h after surgery

3.12 ± 1.63

1.85 ± 0.75**

2.56 ± 1.07

< 0.0001

Scores are reported as mean ± SD.

*: Dexmedetomidine is different with gabapentin (P = 0.046)

**: Dexmedetomidine is different with melatonin and gabapentin (P < 0.001 and P = 0.018, respectively)