Skip to main content
Download PDF
  • Research Article
  • Open access
  • Published:

Lidocaine coinfusion alleviates vascular pain induced by hypertonic saline infusion: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial

BMC Anesthesiology volume 21, Article number: 109 (2021) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Hypertonic saline solution has been frequently utilized in clinical practice. However, due to the nonphysiological osmolality, hypertonic saline infusion usually induces local vascular pain. We conducted this study to evaluate the effect of lidocaine coinfusion for alleviating vascular pain induced by hypertonic saline.

Methods

One hundred and six patients undergoing hypertonic saline volume preloading prior to spinal anesthesia were randomly allocated to two groups of 53 each. Group L received a 1 mg/kg lidocaine bolus followed by infusion of 2 mg/kg/h through the same IV line during hypertonic saline infusion; Group C received a bolus and infusion of normal saline of equivalent volume. Visual analogue scale (VAS) scores of vascular pain were recorded every 4 min.

Results

The vascular pain severity in Group L was significantly lower than that in Group C for each time slot (P < 0.05). The overall incidence of vascular pain during hypertonic saline infusion in Group L was 48.0%, which was significantly lower than the incidence (79.6%) in Group C (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Lidocaine coinfusion could effectively alleviate vascular pain induced by hypertonic saline infusion.

Trial registration

Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, number: ChiCTR1900023753. Registered on 10 June 2019.

Peer Review reports

Background

Hypertonic saline solution has been frequently utilized for fluid resuscitation, management of hyponatremia, and reducing intracranial pressure, among other procedures. In anesthetic practice, hypertonic saline is one alternative for volume preloading before spinal anesthesia. In some institutions in China, hypertonic saline with a concentration not exceeding 3% is allowed to be infused via peripheral veins. However, due to the nonphysiological osmolality, hypertonic saline infusion usually induces local vascular pain. Patients may experience the sensation of stinging and compression around the site of venous cannulation, which reduces patient satisfaction.

Lidocaine is a widely used local anesthetic agent. It can reduce propofol injection pain when administered in the same vein, and it can also decrease pain when hypertonic saline is injected for sclerotherapy, implying its local anesthetic effect on local vein [1, 2]. Lidocaine has both central analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Recently, intravenous lidocaine infusion has drawn great attention as an analgesic adjunct. Continuous IV lidocaine infusion resulting in a stable blood concentration could decrease intraoperative opioid requirements and relieve postoperative pain [3, 4]. We hypothesized that simultaneous infusion of lidocaine into the same venous line during hypertonic saline infusion might be effective for alleviating the vascular pain since lidocaine might act via both local anesthetic and central analgesic effects. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of lidocaine coinfusion for relieving vascular pain induced by hypertonic saline infusion.

Methods

This clinical trial was approved by the China Ethics Committee of Registering Clinical Trials (ChiECRCT20190219) and was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, www.chictr.org.cn (Number: ChiCTR1900023753) prior to patient enrollment. The study was conducted in accordance with CONSORT guidelines. No changes were made to the protocols or analyses after the trial commenced. After obtaining written informed consent from all patients, we conducted this prospective, double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from October 2019 to March 2021. Inclusion criteria: aged 18–65, American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) classes I and II, scheduled for elective surgery requiring spinal anesthesia. Patients with chronic pain, abnormal sensation, neurologic deficits, and allergy to lidocaine were excluded.

An attending anesthesiologist from the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, who was independent of patient management and data collection, generated random numbers (in a 1:1 ratio) using SAS 9.2 software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). The results of randomized allocation were sealed in sequentially numbered opaque envelopes. A total of 106 patients were randomly allocated into two equal groups: a lidocaine group (Group L) and a placebo control group (Group C). All the subjects received 200 ml of 3% hypertonic saline via peripheral vein for volume preloading before spinal anesthesia. Patients in Group L received a bolus of 1 mg/kg lidocaine at the initiation of hypertonic saline infusion, followed by continuous infusion of lidocaine at the speed of 2 mg/kg/h. In Group C, normal saline was used as placebo; patients in Group C received a bolus of normal saline at the initiation of hypertonic saline infusion, followed by continuous infusion of normal saline, and the volume of normal saline was equal to the volume of lidocaine in Group L.

Patients were fasted for 6 h before anesthesia and given no preoperative sedatives. Monitoring of ECG, noninvasive blood pressure (BP) and pulse oximetry (SpO2) was performed for all patients on their arrival at the anesthesia preparation room. A nurse who was in charge of drug preparation, opened an opaque envelope, delivered a preprepared syringe (filled with 50 ml of 1% lidocaine solution or normal saline) into the room, and then left. Therefore, the medical staff and patients in the anesthesia preparation room were blinded to the allocation. A 22-gauge i.v. cannula was inserted into the vein on the dorsum of the hand. To maintain hemodynamic stability, 200 ml of 3% hypertonic saline was administered for volume preloading prior to spinal anesthesia. Hypertonic saline was infused at the speed of 10 ml/min controlled by an electronic infusion pump. Meanwhile, in Group L, lidocaine was simultaneously infused into the same venous line through a 3-way stopcock and an infusion extension line. The dosage of lidocaine was a bolus of 1 mg/kg (0.1 ml/kg) followed by continuous infusion of 2 mg/kg/h (0.2 ml/kg/h), which was administered by a microinfusion syringe pump. Lidocaine coinfusion was stopped when the 200 ml of hypertonic saline preloading was accomplished. In Group C, an equivalent volume of normal saline was coinfused. Spinal anesthesia was performed after volume preloading, followed by surgical operation.

The incidence of vascular pain was the primary outcome of this study. During the hypertonic saline infusion, vascular pain was assessed and recorded every 4 min (T4m, T8m, T12m, T16m, T20m) by using a visual analogue scale (VAS) score, which varied from 0 (no pain) to 10 (the worst imaginable pain). Major adverse effects, such as tinnitus, dizziness, and extravasation, phlebitis, and venous thrombosis on the cannulation site were also observed and recorded in this study. No changes were made regarding trial outcomes after the trial commenced.

In a preliminary observation, approximately 80% of patients experienced pain during hypertonic saline infusion. The sample size required to detect a 30% reduction at a level of significance of 5% and a power of 90% was 48 patients per group. Considering a dropout rate of 10%, 53 patients were included in each group. No interim analyses were made. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows software program version 24 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Data were expressed as the mean ± SD, or number of patients (% frequency), or median (range), as appropriate. Numerical data were compared using t-test if normally distributed, or using Mann–Whitney U test if not normally distributed. Categorical data were compared using a Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. P values of less than 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.

Results

Subject enrollment and analysis are illustrated in Fig. 1. A total of 116 patients were assessed for eligibility for this study, and 106 subjects were enrolled. Seven patients were withdrawn due to failure of venous cannulation at the first attempt on the hand (4 patients) and operation errors on the infusion pump (3 patients). Ultimately, 99 patients (Group L = 50, Group C = 49) were analyzed in this trial. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) observed between the two groups with respect to age, weight, height, gender, and ASA classification (Table 1).

Fig. 1
figure 1

CONSORT diagram showing the flow of study participants

Full size image
Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of two groups of patients
Full size table

The values of VAS pain score during the hypertonic saline infusion at each time slot were presented in Table 2 and Fig. 2. In Group L, the median VAS pain scores were 0 in each time slot, while in Group C, the median scores were both 1 in T4m, T8m, and were all 2 in the other three time slots. The pain severity of patients in Group L was significantly lower than that in Group C in each time slot (P < 0.05). There were 26 (52.0%) patients out of 50 in Group L who did not experience any pain during the 20-min infusion, while there were only 10 (20.4%) patients in Group C who did not complain of any pain. The overall incidence of vascular pain in Group L was 48.0%, which is significantly lower than the incidence (79.6%) of vascular pain in Group C (Fig. 3).

Table 2 VAS pain score on each time slot of the two groups
Full size table
Fig. 2
figure 2

The median VAS pain scores of the two groups during hypertonic saline infusion

Full size image
Fig. 3
figure 3

The incidence of vascular pain during hypertonic saline infusion of the two groups.*P = 0.001

Full size image

The adverse events were also examined and noted in this trial. Four subjects (8%) out of 50 in Group L experienced transient tinnitus or/and dizziness during the infusion. No other complications were observed in this study.

Discussion

Hypertonic sodium chloride solution is one of the fluids commonly used in clinical practice. It is frequently utilized for management of hyponatremia, reducing intracranial pressure, and alleviating cerebral edema associated with neurological injuries [5, 6]. Furthermore, hypertonic saline is effectual in the resuscitation of patients with hypovolemic shock [7, 8]. It is also an alternative for volume preloading before anesthesia [9], and for perioperative fluid management [10, 11].

In some institutions, it is common practice to allow only central venous line infusion of hypertonic saline due to the safety concerns associated with peripheral venous infusion such as extravasation, tissue ischemia, phlebitis, and venous thrombosis. Nevertheless, growing evidence has demonstrated that the incidence of local tissue damage was very low and the degree of injury was mild, when 3% sodium chloride solution was infused peripherally for a prolonged duration [5, 12, 13]. One study that evaluated children receiving 3% hypertonic saline via peripheral veins reported no infusion-related complications [14]. Considering the potential complications associated with central venous catheters (CVC), such as infection, hematoma, and pneumothorax, many clinicians have begun to question the necessity of central venous cannulation specifically for continuous infusion of medications with high osmolality. In our study, we adopted peripheral venous access instead of CVC for hypertonic saline infusion, and none of the 99 patients experienced any infusion-associated tissue injuries. Though it was not the primary research objective, our study did further prove the safety of peripheral intravenous infusion of 3% hypertonic saline.

Due to the nonphysiological osmolality, infusion of hypertonic solution via a peripheral vein usually induces local vascular pain. The mechanisms of vascular pain evoked by hypertonic saline have not yet been fully elucidated. It is believed that the osmolality-associated pain is mediated by nociceptors in the vessel wall [15, 16]. In the present study, 39 (79.6%) subjects out of 49 in the placebo group complained of vascular pain during the infusion. Additionally, the pain intensity was closely related to time course. The vascular pain was mild in the first few minutes and became more pronounced as the infusion went on, reaching its maximum at approximately 12 min, and then remained stable. The characteristics of vascular pain observed in our research were consistent with previous findings [15, 17].

Vascular pain usually reduces patients’ satisfaction, and alleviating vascular pain is an important issue [18, 19]. Lidocaine is a widely used local anesthetic drug that mediates its pharmacological roles mainly by blocking the sodium channels on the cell membrane. Recent studies have reported that lidocaine also has central analgesic effects by inhibiting the glycinergic system, suppressing the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, decreasing the excitability of spinal dorsal horn, and activating opioid receptors [20,21,22]. Previous studies have demonstrated that a bolus of low-dose (≤40 mg) lidocaine into the same vein effectively mitigated vascular pain induced by propofol injection mainly through a local anesthetic effect [1, 23]. However, the analgesic duration for vascular pain was short, just several minutes [17, 24]. Recently, intravenous lidocaine infusion has drawn great attention as an analgesic adjunct. Continuous infusion of a larger dose of lidocaine could achieve a stable plasma concentration that exerts a central analgesic effect. For example, perioperative lidocaine infusion relieved postoperative pain in several types of open abdominal and laparoscopic procedures [3, 4], and continuous infusion of lidocaine provided significant analgesia for different sorts of acute pain in the emergency department [25,26,27,28].

In the present study, lidocaine was simultaneously and continuously infused into the same vein into which hypertonic saline was infused. Therefore, lidocaine could work through the combination of both a local anesthetic effect and a central analgesic effect. The results of our study suggested that lidocaine coinfusion was effectual in relieving vascular pain associated with persistent hypertonic saline infusion. The overall incidence of pain during the 20-min infusion was 48.0% in Group L, a reduction of 32% compared with placebo group; and the median pain scores with lidocaine coinfusion were significantly lower than those in Group C in each time slot. The adverse events associated with lidocaine were mild; only 8% of the patients in lidocaine group complained of transient tinnitus or dizziness and did not require any intervention, which indicated the safety of lidocaine coinfusion. Since lidocaine is a worldwide commonly used drug and inexpensive ($0.5/100 mg in China), lidocaine coinfusion deserves further studies in reducing vascular pain associated with hyperosmolar fluid infusion.

There were some limitations in this study. First, we did not monitor the blood levels of lidocaine. The dose of lidocaine used in the current trial was based on previous studies [29, 30]. This dose has been repeatedly demonstrated to be safe, and the plasma concentration was far below the toxic level (5 μg/ml). Second, our study was a single-center trial with limited samples. Therefore, further multicenter studies with large samples are warranted.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study showed that 3% hypertonic saline infusion through the peripheral vein did not cause obvious local tissue injuries but induced vascular pain. Lidocaine coinfusion could effectively mitigate vascular pain during hypertonic saline infusion.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

IV:

Intravenous

VAS:

Visual analogue scale

ASA:

American Society of Anesthesiologist

SpO2 :

Pulse oximetry

BP:

Blood pressure

ECG:

Electrocardiogram

CVC:

Central venous catheter

References

  1. Xing J, Liang L, Zhou S, Luo C, Cai J, Hei Z. Intravenous Lidocaine alleviates the pain of Propofol injection by local anesthetic and central analgesic effects. Pain Med. 2018;19(3):598–607. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnx070.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bukhari RH, Lohr JM, Paget DS, Hearn AT, Cranley RD. Evaluation of lidocaine as an analgesic when added to hypertonic saline for sclerotherapy. J Vasc Surg. 1999;29(3):479–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0741-5214(99)70276-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Dunn LK, Durieux ME. Perioperative use of intravenous Lidocaine. Anesthesiology. 2017;126(4):729–37. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000001527.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Dunn LK, Durieux ME. Another win for Lidocaine, another loss for magnesium? Anesth Analg. 2018;127(3):591–3. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000003400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Jones GM, Bode L, Riha H, Erdman MJ. Safety of continuous peripheral infusion of 3% sodium chloride solution in Neurocritical care patients. Am J Crit Care. 2016;26(1):37–42. https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2017439.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Mangat HS, Wu X, Gerber LM, Schwarz JT, Fakhar M, Murthy SB, et al. Hypertonic saline is superior to Mannitol for the combined effect on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure burdens in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Neurosurgery. 2020;86(2):221–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyz046.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Han J, Ren HQ, Zhao QB, Wu YL, Qiao ZY. Comparison of 3 and 7.5% hypertonic saline in resuscitation after traumatic hypovolemic shock. Shock. 2015;43(3):244–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/SHK.0000000000000303.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Joseph B, Aziz H, Snell M, Pandit V, Hays D, Kulvatunyou N, et al. The physiological effects of hyperosmolar resuscitation: 5% vs 3% hypertonic saline. Am J Surg. 2014;208(5):697–702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2014.01.009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Jarvela K, Koobi T, Kauppinen P, Kaukinen S. Effects of hypertonic 75 mg/ml (7.5%) saline on extracellular water volume when used for preloading before spinal anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2001;45(6):776–81. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-6576.2001.045006776.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Shrum B, Church B, McArthur E, Burns KE, Znajda T, McAlister V. Hypertonic salt solution for peri-operative fluid management. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;6:Cd005576.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Lavu H, Sell NM, Carter TI, Winter JM, Maguire DP, Gratch DM, et al. The HYSLAR trial: a prospective randomized controlled trial of the use of a restrictive fluid regimen with 3% hypertonic saline versus lactated ringers in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy. Ann Surg. 2014;260(3):445–53. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000000872.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Mesghali E, Fitter S, Bahjri K, Moussavi K. Safety of peripheral line administration of 3% hypertonic saline and Mannitol in the emergency department. J Emerg Med. 2019;56(4):431–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.12.046.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Dillon RC, Merchan C, Altshuler D, Papadopoulos J. Incidence of adverse events during peripheral Administration of Sodium Chloride 3. J Intensive Care Med. 2018;33(1):48–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885066617702590.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Luu JL, Wendtland CL, Gross MF, Mirza F, Zouros A, Zimmerman GJ, et al. Three-percent saline administration during pediatric critical care transport. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2011;27(12):1113–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e31823aff59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Klement W, Arndt JO. Pain on i.v. injection of some anaesthetic agents is evoked by the unphysiological osmolality or pH of their formulations. Br J Anaesth. 1991;66(2):189–95. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/66.2.189.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Arndt JO, Klement W. Pain evoked by polymodal stimulation of hand veins in humans. J Physiol. 1991;440(1):467–78. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1991.sp018719.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Song Z, Liu Z, Zhang Y. The analgesic efficacy and duration of lidocaine on vascular pain induced by hypertonic saline infusion: a double-blinded, randomized control trial. J Anesth. 2019;33(2):311–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00540-019-02628-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Suwa Y, Watanabe J, Ota M, Suzuki S, Suwa H, Watanabe K, et al. Randomized phase II trial of the prophylactic use of celecoxib for the prevention of oxaliplatin-related peripheral vascular pain in Capeox (YCOG1205). Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2019;83(3):419–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00280-018-3739-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Matsuoka T, Yoshida Y, Aisu N, Yamada T, Mogi A, Komono A, et al. Evaluation of vascular pain in patients with colorectal cancer receiving peripheral venous chemotherapy with or without oxaliplatin. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):1819. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37966-w.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. van der Wal SE, van den Heuvel SA, Radema SA, van Berkum BF, Vaneker M, Steegers MA, et al. The in vitro mechanisms and in vivo efficacy of intravenous lidocaine on the neuroinflammatory response in acute and chronic pain. Eur J Pain. 2016;20(5):655–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.794.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kurabe M, Furue H, Kohno T. Intravenous administration of lidocaine directly acts on spinal dorsal horn and produces analgesic effect: an in vivo patch-clamp analysis. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):26253. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26253.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Cohen SP, Mao J. Is the analgesic effect of systemic lidocaine mediated through opioid receptors? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2003;47(7):910–1. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-6576.2003.00163.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Jeong M, Yoon H. Comparison of the effects of lidocaine pre-administration and local warming of the intravenous access site on propofol injection pain: randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Int J Nurs Stud. 2016;61:209–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.06.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Cheong KF, Wong WH. Pain on injection of rocuronium: influence of two doses of lidocaine pretreatment. Br J Anaesth. 2000;84(1):106–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bja.a013364.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Sin B, Cao J, Yang D, Ambert K, Punnapuzha S. Intravenous Lidocaine for intractable renal colic unresponsive to standard therapy. Am J Ther. 2019;26(4):e487–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/MJT.0000000000000729.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Clattenburg EJ, Nguyen A, Yoo T, Flores S, Hailozian C, Louie D, et al. Intravenous Lidocaine provides similar analgesia to intravenous morphine for undifferentiated severe pain in the emergency department: a pilot, Unblinded Randomized Controlled. Trial Pain Med. 2019;20(4):834–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pny031.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Motov S, Fassassi C, Drapkin J, Butt M, Hossain R, Likourezos A, et al. Comparison of intravenous lidocaine/ketorolac combination to either analgesic alone for suspected renal colic pain in the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38(2):165–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2019.01.048.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Farahmand S, Hamrah H, Arbab M, Sedaghat M, Basir Ghafouri H, Bagheri-Hariri S. Pain management of acute limb trauma patients with intravenous lidocaine in emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 2018;36(7):1231–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2017.12.027.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Li SY, Li H, Ni J, Ma YS. Comparison of intravenous lidocaine and dexmedetomidine infusion for prevention of postoperative catheter-related bladder discomfort: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2019;19(1):37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-019-0708-8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Weibel S, Jelting Y, Pace NL, Helf A, Eberhart LH, Hahnenkamp K, et al. Continuous intravenous perioperative lidocaine infusion for postoperative pain and recovery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;6:Cd009642.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81760203), which covered the statistical consulting fee and the cost of retouching articles in English.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China

    Zhiping Song, Shibiao Chen, Yang Zhang, Xiaoyun Shi & Na Zhao

  2. Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, No.49 Fuzhou Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330008, People’s Republic of China

    Zhengyu Liao

  3. The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jiangxi Province, No.49 Fuzhou Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330008, People’s Republic of China

    Zhengyu Liao

Authors
  1. Zhiping Song
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shibiao Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yang Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Xiaoyun Shi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Na Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Zhengyu Liao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

ZS and ZL conceived the study design and drafted the study protocol. ZS, SC, XS, and NZ contributed to data collection. YZ performed the statistical analysis for the study. ZS and ZL prepared the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zhengyu Liao.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Ethical approval was obtained from the China Ethics Committee of Registering Clinical Trials (ChiECRCT20190219), address: West China Hospital, Sichuan University, NO. 37, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. The trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR1900023753, date of registration: 2019-6-10) prior to patient enrollment. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Song, Z., Chen, S., Zhang, Y. et al. Lidocaine coinfusion alleviates vascular pain induced by hypertonic saline infusion: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol 21, 109 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-021-01329-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-021-01329-2

Keywords

BMC Anesthesiology

ISSN: 1471-2253

Contact us