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The relationship between intraoperative cerebral oximetry and postoperative delirium in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a retrospective study

BMC Anesthesiology volume 20, Article number: 285 (2020) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Cerebral oximetry has been widely used to measure regional oxygen saturation in brain tissue, especially during cardiac surgery. Despite its popularity, there have been inconsistent results on the use of cerebral oximetry during cardiac surgery, and few studies have evaluated cerebral oximetry during off pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery (OPCAB).

Methods

To evaluate the relationship between intraoperative cerebral oximetry and postoperative delirium in patients who underwent OPCAB, we included 1439 patients who underwent OPCAB between October 2004 and December 2016 and among them, 815 patients with sufficient data on regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) were enrolled in this study. We retrospectively analyzed perioperative variables and the reduction in rSO2 below cut-off values of 75, 70, 65, 60, 55, 50, 45, 40, and 35%. Furthermore, we evaluated the relationship between the reduction in rSO2 and postoperative delirium.

Results

Delirium occurred in 105 of 815 patients. In both univariable and multivariable analyses, the duration of rSO2 reduction was significantly longer in patients with delirium at cut-offs of < 50 and 45% (for every 5 min, adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.007 [95% Confidence interval (CI) 1.001 to 1.014] and adjusted OR 1.012 [1.003 to 1.021]; p = 0.024 and 0.011, respectively). The proportion of patients with a rSO2 reduction < 45% was significantly higher among those with delirium (adjusted OR 1.737[1.064 to 2.836], p = 0.027).

Conclusions

In patients undergoing OPCAB, intraoperative rSO2 reduction was associated with postoperative delirium. Duration of rSO2 less than 50% was 40% longer in the patients with postoperative delirium. The cut-off value of intraoperative rSO2 that associated with postoperative delirium was 50% for the total patient population and 55% for the patients younger than 68 years.

Peer Review reports

Background

Cerebral oximetry has been widely used to measure regional oxygen saturation in brain tissue continuously and non-invasively, especially during general anesthesia [1]. Using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), cerebral oximetry measures regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) by analyzing the different intensities of light at specific wavelengths transmitted and received [2, 3] and monitor rSO2 underlying frontal lobes, which are vulnerable to hypoxic and hypotensive injury [4].

Because the neurological outcome is still a matter of concern in cardiac surgery, cerebral oximetry-based resuscitation during cardiac surgery has been increasingly adopted by anesthesiologists [5]. Among post-cardiac surgery neurologic complications, the reported prevalence of delirium is from 3.1% up to 52% by population and diagnostic methods, with higher prevalence in older population and aortic surgery patients, and more detection with precise cognitive function test by highly trained personnel [6,7,8,9]. Moreover, delirium is known to prolong intensive care unit and hospital stays, increase morbidity and mortality, and reduce cognitive and functional recovery [10,11,12]. Thus, among neurologic complications, delirium is a serious and relatively common neurologic complication.

Despite the widespread use of cerebral oximetry, there have been inconsistent results regarding the relationship between the intraoperative use of cerebral oximetry and improved postoperative neurologic outcomes in cardiac surgery patients [13,14,15,16,17]. There have been few trials designed to identify the optimal cut-off values for cerebral oximetry, resulting in various criteria being used by different studies. Moreover, few studies on cerebral oximetry in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery (OPCAB) have been carried out.

To evaluate the relationship between the intraoperative cerebral oximetry and postoperative delirium and identify the optimal cut-off values for intraoperative cerebral oximetry during OPCAB, we retrospectively analyzed data of intraoperative cerebral oximetry values and postoperative delirium from patients who underwent OPCAB.

Methods

Study population and anesthetic methods

This was a retrospective single-center study approved by the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University Hospital (IRB no. 1702–114-833). The requirement for written informed consent was waived. After IRB approval, we reviewed the electronic medical records of all patients aged over 18 years who had undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) between October 2004 and December 2016. Among them, we included only patients who had isolated OPCAB under general anesthesia. Patients who had been supported with perioperative intra-aortic balloon pump and/or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were also excluded. Patients with insufficient rSO2 records less than 10 times, the − 2 standard deviations (SDs) of the times of rSO2 measurement were excluded.

During the period, anesthesia for OPCAB was performed as per the institutional routine protocol at that period. When the patients entered the operating room, bi-hemispheric rSO2 was measured by NIRS from the forehead in the supine position, with other types of monitoring used for vital signs. We used INVOS Cerebral Oximeters (Medtronic, MN, USA) for rSO2 measurement. Every drug used during anesthesia was given intravenously. Patients were also monitored with a Swan-Ganz catheter (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, USA) for mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) and cardiac index (C.I.). Patients were transferred to the cardio-pulmonary intensive care unit (ICU) after surgery being sedated and intubated.

Data collection and definition

Baseline characteristics and perioperative variables known to be related to delirium after cardiac surgery were collected [6, 9, 18,19,20,21,22,23]. These included age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, order of surgery, emergency, operation year, underlying diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, atrial fibrillation, history of myocardial infarction or stroke, and laboratory variables like left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), hematocrit, serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), serum albumin, and C-reactive protein. Postoperative outcomes, including ICU and hospital lengths of stay, acute kidney injury, new-onset atrial fibrillation, reintubation rate, and in-hospital death, were also collected.

Intraoperative variables included total anesthesia and operation times. We also used the electronic anesthetic record to extract the mean arterial pressure (MAP), SvO2, C.I., and bi-hemispheric rSO2, independently, every 5 min. The resting MAP before anesthesia induction and initially measured SvO2 and C.I. were used as baseline values. The MAPs were recorded automatically by the anesthetic monitor, while other variables were recorded manually every 5 to 15 min. We conducted data pre-processing on these variables according to the following steps using R (R3.5.1; The R Foundation for Statistical Computing). First, we excluded patients who had rSO2 records that included fewer than ten measurements. Second, all data exceeding − 2 SDs and + 2 SDs for each variable were considered abnormally recorded and removed. Third, empty values for data recorded at 5-min intervals were substituted by the mean of the nearest two records.

After these substitutions, we calculated the total time for which the rSO2 values decreased below each cut-off (75, 70, 65, 60, 55, 50, 45, 40, and 35% of the absolute values). We also treated the reduction in rSO2 for at least one measurement below each cut-off written above as a categorical variable. The same substitutions and time calculations were carried out for C.I., SvO2, and MAP, and mean values were used for receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.

Postoperative delirium was determined by institutional neuropsychiatrists (C-W Yeom and colleagues) on the basis of electronic medical records. Neuropsychiatrists reviewed the doctors’ records and nursing records, including the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) for ICU (CAM-ICU) [24,25,26] score evaluated by the attending nurse in the ICU, consultations with neuropsychiatrists and neurologists, and prescriptions for drugs that could be used for delirium (e.g., haloperidol or quetiapine). According to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5) [27] and Short-CAM [28] criteria, the neuropsychiatrists evaluated the signs and symptoms recorded and determined whether or not the patient had undergone postoperative delirium.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS, version 23.0, for Windows (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). We hypothesized a normal distribution for all variables. All categorical variables were analyzed using chi-square tests or Fisher’s exact test. All continuous variables were analyzed using Student’s t-test and logistic regression analysis. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

First, we conducted a univariable analysis for all variables collected. A p-value < 0.10 was used to select significant predictors for multivariable analysis. Next, a multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed with selected variables, and total times of rSO2 under each cut-off using a backward stepwise method. We compared the predictive ability of each prediction model to identify significant cut-offs for rSO2 related to delirium after off-pump coronary artery bypass.

Results

During the study period, 2333 patients underwent CABG. 1945 patients were undergone isolated CABG with general anesthesia. We also excluded 506 patients because of the perioperative support of IABP or ECMO, or intraoperative use of CPB. Finally, 1439 patients were included in the study. After data pre-processing, 815 patients in total were included. The flow chart for patient selection is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Flow chart for patient selection

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The baseline and perioperative characteristics of the patients are shown in Table 1 (no delirium group vs. delirium group, 710 [87.1%] vs. 105 [12.9%] patients). The delirium group had a higher average age and C-reactive protein level, and lower hematocrit, eGFR, and albumin readings, and more underlying hypertension. The group also had longer ICU and hospital stays and more frequent postoperative acute kidney injury and new onset atrial fibrillation and reintubation. In-hospital deaths numbered 3 (2.9%) in the delirium group and 0 in the no delirium group, but this did not reach the level of statistical significance.

Table 1 Baseline and perioperative characteristics of patients with or without delirium
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The duration and number of intraoperative rSO2 measurements below each cut-off are shown in Table 2. The duration of rSO2 reduction was significantly longer in patients with delirium for the cut-offs of < 50 and 45% (for each group, mean duration (SD) of 138.7(202.7) and 64.6(141.5) vs. 100.9(159.6) and 39.3(100.6), p = 0.031 and 0.027, respectively). There was a significantly higher proportion of patients with an rSO2 reduction < 45% among those with delirium (for each group, number of patients (%) of 228(32.1) vs. 44(41.9), p = 0.048). We also calculated number needed to treat (NNT) for the cut-off of 45%. According to the Table 2, the control event rate (CER) for delirium is 44/(44 + 228) = 0.16 and the experimental event rate (EER) for delirium is 61/(61 + 482) = 0.11. The absolute risk reduction (ARR) = CER-EER = 0.16–0.11 = 0.05, therefore the NNT is 1/(ARR) = 1/0.05 = 20. That is, 20 patients need to be treated to reduce 1 episode of delirium.

Table 2 Comparison of intraoperative rSO2 between delirium and no delirium group
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Intraoperative hemodynamic variables are shown in Supplementary Table 1 in Additional file 1. Based on the results of an ROC analysis for the mean values of each variable, the cut-off was determined as 68 mmHg, 2.2 L/min/m2, and 64% for MAP, C.I., and SvO2, respectively. The total durations of reduction below the cut-off and minimum values were calculated. For all three variables, the total duration of reduction below each cut-off was significantly longer in the delirium group than the no delirium group (p = 0.001), and these cut-off values were selected for a multivariable analysis as categorical variables.

The odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI), and p-values of rSO2 for each cut-off are shown in Table 3. The OR and 95% CI were calculated for every 5 min of rSO2 reduction below each cut-off value. Age, sex, hypertension, preoperative hematocrit, eGFR, serum albumin and C-reactive protein level, intraoperative MAP, C.I. and SvO2 reduction below each cut-off of ROC analysis were considered as covariables. There was no multicollinearity between the variables included in the analysis, especially between the intraoperative hemodynamic variables and rSO2 for the occurrence of postoperative delirium. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the duration of rSO2 below the 50 and 45% cut-offs was significantly associated with postoperative delirium (for every 5 min, adjusted OR 1.007 [95% CI 1.001–1.014] and 1.012 [1.003–1.021]; p = 0.024 and 0.011, respectively). Each model showed good fitness (Hosmer-Lemeshow’s goodness-of-fit: p = 0.729 and 0.962, respectively). The rSO2 values below 45% for at least one measurement were significantly associated with postoperative delirium, and the model fitness was good (adjusted OR 1.737, p = 0.027; Hosmer-Lemeshow’s goodness-of-fit: p = 0.923; Table 4). According to the analysis of variance between the two group for the duration of rSO2 reduction < 45% or 50%, and delirium, the p-values of linearity were < 0.05 and the p-values of deviation from linearity were > 0.05, indicating that there is a linear relationship between the duration of rSO2 reduction below 45% or 50% and the probability of postoperative delirium. The duration of rSO2 below 50 and 45% was also associated with postoperative acute kidney injury, a longer ICU stay, and longer hospital stay (Supplementary Table 2 in Additional file 1).

Table 3 Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios of intraoperative reduction of rSO2 of each cut-offs for postoperative delirium
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Table 4 Odds ratios of predictors for postoperative delirium
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A post hoc power analysis was performed for the occurrence of rSO2 reduction < 45% with chi-squared test based on the result described in Table 2. The analysis revealed a power of this study above 0.95 for the occurrence of rSO2 reduction < 45%.

Based on the ROC analysis, the cut-off age for postoperative delirium occurrence was 68. We conducted a subgroup analysis based on this cut-off. Among 815 patients, 398 (48.8%) were under age 68, and delirium occurred in 19 patients (4.8%). Baseline and perioperative characteristics, including intraoperative hemodynamic variables, are shown in Supplementary Table 3 in Additional file 1. Based on a univariable analysis, preoperative EF, and albumin and C-reactive protein levels were selected for a multivariable analysis. Supplementary Table 4 Additional file 1 shows the duration and number of intraoperative rSO2 values below each cut-off in patients under 68 years of age. The mean and minimum rSO2 values were significantly lower in the delirium group. The duration of rSO2 reduction was significantly longer in patients with delirium for the cut-offs of < 55, 50, and 45%, and the proportion of patients with an rSO2 reduction below 50 and 45% was significantly higher among those with delirium. These cut-offs were higher than those of the overall group in Table 2. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, the duration of rSO2 lower than 55, 50, and 45% was significantly associated with postoperative delirium (for every 5 min, adjusted OR 1.012, 1.015, and 1.015, p = 0.035, 0.006, and 0.024, respectively), as shown in Table 5. However, the model fitness for the cut-off of 55% was not good (Hosmer-Lemeshow’s goodness-of-fit: p = 0.022), whereas those for the other cut-offs were good. The area under receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) for prediction models for patients under 68 years of age are shown in Additional file 2. The AUROC for the model without rSO2 was 0.688 (95% CI 0.565–0.816, p = 0.007), and improved with rSO2 measurement, up to 0.752 (95% CI 0.640–0.865, p < 0.001) with the duration of rSO2 < 50%.

Table 5 Odds ratios of intraoperative reduction of rSO2 of each cut-offs for postoperative delirium in patients under age 68
Full size table

Among 417 patients over 68 years of age, the incidence of delirium was 20.6% (86/417). In the univariable analysis, older age, hypertension, and low preoperative eGFR were significantly associated with postoperative delirium in the old age group. However, there was no significant association between intraoperative reduction in rSO2 and postoperative delirium for all cut-offs in either the univariable or the multivariable logistic regression analysis.

Discussion

The results of this study suggest that decreases in intraoperative rSO2 below 50% are associated with postoperative delirium after OPCAB. This was also associated with postoperative acute kidney injury and longer ICU and hospital stays. Among patients less than 68 years of age, rSO2 lower than 55% was associated with postoperative delirium. However, in patients more than 68 years old, intraoperative rSO2 was not associated with postoperative delirium.

The incidence of delirium in this study was 12.9%, slightly lower than reported by previous studies using similar diagnostic methods (23 to 52%) [9]. One of the reasons for this difference may be the age of the included patients, half of whom were under 68 years of age. Conversely, previous studies have included mostly patients over 60 years of age [9]. Age is one of the most powerful risk factors for delirium after cardiac surgery [29]. Furthermore, we selected only patients who had underwent OPCAB, while in previous studies both on-pump and off-pump cardiac surgery were included, with on-pump surgery being more common [9, 18, 19, 29]. Although the topic remains controversial, some studies have suggested that beating heart surgery can lower the risk of delirium caused by solid microemboli or the alteration of cerebral autoregulation during the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) period [18, 23, 30].

Considering the cut-off values for intraoperative rSO2 during cardiac surgery, Yao and colleagues [17] set multiple thresholds indicating different degrees of hypoxic brain injury. They used 50, 45, 40, 35, and 30% as absolute values, corresponding to the baseline value minus 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 SDs. A rSO2 reduction below 40% was significantly associated with postoperative neurologic dysfunction after cardiac surgery with CPB based on a multivariable analysis. In several studies, including randomized controlled trials, prolonged cerebral desaturation below 50% as an absolute value or more than 20% of baseline was associated with postoperative cognitive decline [31,32,33,34]. However, these studies were mostly conducted on cardiac surgery with CPB and evaluated only one or two thresholds rather than various cut-off ranges.

We aimed to determine whether there is a certain cut-off value for intraoperative rSO2 during OPCAB associated with increased postoperative delirium. Previously, it has been shown that rSO2 values measured by cerebral oximetry reflect a balance between oxygen consumption and supply in the frontal lobe, especially in the “water-shed” area in the junction between the anterior and middle cerebral arteries [3, 16]. Intraoperative cerebral hypoperfusion is also known to be related to postoperative neurological dysfunction after cardiac surgery [17, 30,31,32]. However, several randomized controlled trials showed inconsistent results regarding the relationship between intraoperative rSO2 reductions during cardiac surgery and postoperative neurologic outcomes. Two meta-analyses focusing on the use of cerebral oximetry and postoperative outcomes after cardiac surgery concluded that there was a low level of evidence linking intraoperative reductions in rSO2 with postoperative neurologic outcomes [13, 35].

There may be several reasons for the inconsistent results regarding the usefulness of cerebral oximetry during cardiac surgery. First, heterogeneous patients were enrolled in previous studies. These studies involved various types of cardiovascular surgeries, including valvar surgery, coronary artery bypass surgery, cardiac tumor surgery, and aortic surgery, which involve different applications of intraoperative CPB and hypothermia. Transient but significant dysfunction in cerebral autoregulation and cerebral desaturation due to hemodilution or microemboli may occur with CPB. Cerebral oxygen consumption is also altered during CPB and hypothermia [14, 15, 17, 18, 36, 37]. Thus, with or without CPB, these heterogeneous populations may have led to inconsistent results. In the current study, to increase the homogeneity of patients, we included only patients who had undergone OPCAB without CPB.

In addition, previous studies including several randomized controlled trials, used various protocols and rSO2 cut-off values to trigger intervention to restore rSO2. This may also have contributed to the inconsistent results. Conversely, we evaluated the relationship between rSO2 reductions and postoperative delirium at various cut-off values. By analyzing not only the occurrence but also the total duration of rSO2 reduction, we aimed to identify the threshold of hypoxia exceeding the compensating capacity of the brain relating to the duration of cerebral desaturation.

We also included intraoperative MAP, C.I., and SvO2 as risk factors for postoperative delirium occurrence. Although these hemodynamic variables can affect intraoperative cerebral perfusion and consequently postoperative delirium, they have not been included in many previous studies. In our study, by conducting a regression analysis, we attempted to rule out the possibility of multicollinearity between these hemodynamic variables and rSO2.

In the subgroup analysis of patients under age 68, only preoperative EF, level of albumin, and C-reactive protein were associated with postoperative delirium by univariable analysis. The cut-off value of rSO2 associated with postoperative delirium was 55%, which was slightly higher than the 50% cut-off for the entire study group. Moreover, in patients over age 68, rSO2 was not associated with postoperative delirium. The pathophysiology of postoperative delirium is complex, and age is one of the most powerful risk factors, along with history of hypertension [6, 9, 19, 21]. Thus, in old patients, other factors associated with old age may more strongly influence the occurrence of postoperative delirium than intraoperative brain oxygenation.

This study has several limitations. First, because this study was retrospective in nature, risk factors that could affect postoperative delirium could not be perfectly controlled. Similarly, the anesthetic management to maintain or restore rSO2 was not controlled. Second, this study involved cardiac surgery cases from 2004 to 2016, and surgical and anesthetic methods and techniques evolved over this period. These changes may have influenced the occurrence of postoperative delirium. Third, preoperative neurologic function was not assessed, and postoperative delirium was estimated using medical records and prescription history. The incidence of postoperative delirium may therefore have been underestimated. Finally, we could not assess the baseline rSO2 values. Previous studies consistently found that preoperative baseline rSO2 was associated with postoperative delirium in cardiac surgery [13, 15, 35]. However, since this was a retrospective study we could not access or identify the baseline rSO2 before anesthesia induction or at the beginning of the surgery, and also the impact of baseline rSO2 on postoperative delirium could not be evaluated. Consequently, the decrease in rSO2 relative to the baseline was not estimated. The differences between the patients who were with low baseline and lesser reduction of rSO2 and with high baseline and more reduction of rSO2, could not be evaluated. We suggested that the baseline value itself may not be in normal physiologic values for cardiac surgery patients and the reserves from the baseline values may be different by the individuals. We based our hypothesis on our clinical experience, and thus we considered absolute cut-offs to be of more clinical significance. Considering the limitations of this study, prospective, randomized controlled studies may be needed to evaluate the effect of intervention to maintain rSO2 over 50% (or 55% for patients under 68 years of age) during OPCAB.

Conclusions

In patients undergoing OPCAB, intraoperative rSO2 below 50% was associated with postoperative delirium. Among patients younger than 68 years old, rSO2 below 55% was associated with postoperative delirium. Therefore, rSO2 should be maintained at over 50%, or over 55% among patients less than 68 years old, during OPCAB.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

NIRS:

Near-infrared spectroscopy

rSO2 :

Regional cerebral oxygen saturation

OPCAB:

Off pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery

CABG:

Coronary artery bypass graft surgery

SD:

Standard deviation

SvO2 :

Mixed venous oxygen saturation

C.I.:

Cardiac index

ICU:

Intensive care unit

EF:

Ejection fraction

eGFR:

Estimated glomerular filtration rate

MAP:

Mean arterial pressure

ROC:

Receiver operating characteristic

CAM:

Confusion assessment method

DSM-5:

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-5

ASA:

American society of anesthesiologists

OR:

Odds ratio

CI:

Confidence interval

AUROC:

Area under receiver operating characteristic

CPB:

Cardiopulmonary bypass

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Acknowledgements

Statistical analysis has been checked by Institutional Medical Research Collaborating Center.

Funding

None declared.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 03080

    Leerang Lim, Karam Nam, Seohee Lee, Youn Joung Cho & Yunseok Jeon

  2. Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 03080

    Chan-Woo Yeom, Sanghyup Jung & Jung Yoon Moon

Authors
  1. Leerang Lim
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  2. Karam Nam
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  8. Yunseok Jeon
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Contributions

LL and YJ conceptualized and designed the study, LL, KN, SL,YJC contributed to the acquisition of data. LL, KN and YJ contributed to the analysis, interpretation of data and C-WY,SHJ, and JYM have made to contribution to the analysis of data and determination for postoperative delirium. LL have drafted the initial work and all authors substantively revised it. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yunseok Jeon.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University Hospital (IRB no. 1702–114-833) and the need for written informed consent was waived.

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Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Supplementary information

Additional file 1

revised.docx Supplementary tables.

Additional file 2

JPG Supplementary Fig. 1 The ROC curves of multivariable prediction model for patients under age 68

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Lim, L., Nam, K., Lee, S. et al. The relationship between intraoperative cerebral oximetry and postoperative delirium in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a retrospective study. BMC Anesthesiol 20, 285 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-020-01180-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-020-01180-x

Keywords

BMC Anesthesiology

ISSN: 1471-2253

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