The effect of pneumoperitoneum on the cross-sectional areas of internal jugular vein and subclavian vein in laparoscopic cholecystectomy operation

Central venous catheter placement is a widely practiced medical procedure [1]. Central venous catheters are commonly used by the intensive care and anesthesiology disciplines for the purpose of hemodynamic monitorization, drug administration, and parenteral nutrition especially for hemodynamically unstable patients or those who are scheduled to undergo major surgery [2]. Internal jugular vein (IJV) and subclavian vein (SCV) are the most commonly used veins for central venous catheterization. It is of importance to increase the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the target vein to facilitate central venous catheter insertion. To date, many studies have explored factors affecting CSA of main venous structures. It has been reported that positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) application [1, 3], intrathoracic pressure application [4], Trendelenburg position [1, 4], hepatic compression [4], and valsalva maneuver [5] increase the CSA of IJV. The CSA of SCV, on the other hand, is reportedly increased by the combined use of inspiratory hold and Trendelenburg position [6], complete expiration in spontaneously breathing subjects [7], Trendelenburg position alone [8], and leg elevation [9].

During laparoscopic cholecystectomy operation, CSAs of IJV and SCV may be expected to increase owing to increased intraabdominal pressure by CO₂ insufflation. Although central venous pressure has been reported to increase [10, 11], no study to date has ever performed CSA measurements during pneumoperitoneum under laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This study aimed to investigate the presence and magnitude of IJV or SCV CSAs change elicited by pneumoperitoneum resulting from CO₂ insufflation during laparoscopic cholecystectomy operation.

This study was approved by Baskent University, Institutional Review Board and Ethics Committee (Project No: 13/254 and Chairperson: Prof. Dr. Hakan Özkardeş) and supported by Baskent University Research Fund. All patients gave an informed consent before study participation. The study was conducted at a tertiary university hospital between February 2015 and September 2015. It included a total of 60 ASA (American Society of Anesthesiology) group I-II patients aged 25–70 years who were scheduled to undergo cholecystectomy surgery with laparoscopic method.

Patients with cardiovascular disease, severe COPD, chest wall deformity, and a history of use of any drug altering vascular tonus, or a history of neck, clavicle, lung, great vessel, or chest wall surgery were excluded. Age, height, weight, and body mass index of each patient was recorded. The patients fasted for 8 h before the operation and were hydrated with isotonic saline infusion at a rate of 2 ml/kg/h. All patients were administered oral alprazolam 0.5 mg the night before the operation. All patients were administered general anesthesia. Anesthesia induction was achieved by i.v. propofol 2 mg/kg, i.v. fentanyl 1 μgr/kg, and i.v. rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg, and endotracheal intubation was followed anesthesia induction. Anesthesia maintenance was achieved by sevoflurane 1–2 % and i.v. remifentanyl 0.1–0.5 μgr/kg/min infusion. Mechanical ventilation was provided in the volume-controlled mode with an airway pressure not exceeding 20 cmH₂O, providing a tidal volume of 6–7 ml/kg, respiratory rate of 12/min, and %40/%60 O₂/air mixture. ECG, peripheral oxygen saturation, and noninvasive blood pressure monitorization were performed during surgery. All patients were applied pneumoperitoneum in supine position via CO₂ insufflation (flow rate 2–4 L/min) to achieve an intraabdominal pressure of 12 mmHg. Respiratory rate was adjusted to reach an end-tidal carbon dioxide level of 30–35 mmHg during surgery. CSAs and diameters of right SCV and right IJV were measured in supine position on operating table at both end-expiration and end-inspiration by an ultrasonography device (M-TurboTM; Fujifilm SonoSite Inc., Washington, United States) using a 6 MHz two-dimensional flat ultrasonography transducer (band width of 13–6 MHz, depth 6 cm) before anesthesia induction (Control, T1), 5 min after intubation and connection to mechanical ventilator (T2), 5 min after creating pneumoperitoneum (T3), at the end of pneumoperitoneum (T4), and after desufflation and before extubation (T5). Figure 1 shows a patient’s measurements and images of both IJV and SCV.

IJV was evaluated by placing the ultrasonography transducer longitudinally on skin at the level of cricoid cartilage without applying pressure. SCV diameter was measured by placing the same transducer at the junction of the medial and middle third of the clavicle, corresponding to the percutaneous needle entry area for SCV catheterization. The venous measurements included vein diameter, circumference, and cross-sectional area. All measurements were performed while the patients were in supine and neutral positions. The amount of intraoperatively administered fluids and duration of operation were recorded.

This trial studied the effects of pneumoperitoneum on the CSA measurements of IJV and SCV. According to the results of the study, pneumoperitoneum applied with a pressure of 12 mmHg caused significant increases in CSA of IJV and SCV at both expiration and inspiration. After desufflation of intraabdominal gas IJV and SCV CSAs decreased significantly. Measurements at desufflation period showed greater IJV CSA than basal measurements and this probably resulted from an elevated intrathoracic pressure due to mechanical ventilation.

The effect of manuvers increasing intraabdominal pressure has been previously studied. Hepatic compression [4] and increased valsalva maneuver [5] have been similarly reported to increase CSA. The hemodynamic effects of pneumoperitoneum, on the other hand, are somewhat more complicated. Increased intraabdominal pressure can be considered to have a biphasic effect on venous return [11]. It is hypothesized that an increase of venous return occurs as a result of the compression of abdominal capacitance veins initially, followed by decrease in it as a result of increased resistance against venous return in the abdomen and extremities. However, some studies have suggested that when right atrial pressure is normal to high, that is when the patient is not hypovolemic, pneumoperitoneum increases venous return; it may be reasonable to argue that such studies have conveyed a more accurate information [12]. We felt no necessity to discuss the hemodynamic effects of severe hypovolemia and cardiovascular disorders as none of our patients had these morbidities.

Pneumoperitoneum affects cardiovascular system by two ways, namely by direct pressure effect and hypercarbia. However, alterations induced by hypercarbia are less pronounced compared to those induced by the mechanical effects of increased intraabdominal pressure [12]. We prevented hypercarbia by adjusting end-tidal CO₂ controlled respiratory rate. Hemodynamic changes secondary to increased intraabdominal pressure by gas insufflation vary by several factors including intravascular volume, the magnitude of intraabdominal pressure, and patient position. In this study, we tried to standardize these variables by making measurements in supine position, administering i.v. fluids during the fasting period, performing a standard intraabdominal pressure application, and adjusting respiratory rate by EtCO₂ control.

Since no different pneumoperitoneum pressures were used in our study, their effect could not be assessed. However, prior studies have shown that different pressures have variable hemodynamic effects [13]. Dexter et al. randomized subjects undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy into two groups with pneumoperitoneum pressures of 7 mmHg and 15 mmHg. They found heart rate and mean arterial pressure increase in both groups, but stroke volume and cardiac output were significantly reduced in the 15 mmHg group (10 and 26 %, respectively) [14]. McLaughlin et al. reported a 30 % reduction in cardiac output and stroke volume and a 60 % increase in mean arterial pressure after the application of a 15-mmHg pneumoperitoneum compared to the pre-insufflation period [15]. Another study showed that pressures below 15 mmHg increased venous return by squeezing venous bed while pressures of 15 mmHg or above caused a reduction in venous return and blood pressure as a result of inferior vena cava compression [16].

Moreover, the effect of intubation and mechanical ventilation on intrathoracic pressure should not be overlooked. That is, combined effect of increased intraabdominal and intrathoracic pressures may have contributed to CSA increase. This may explain the lack of a biphasic central vein CSA change despite pneumoperitoneum’s biphasic effect on venous return.

Central catheters are not routinely used for monitorization of patients with a low ASA category in laparoscopic cholecystectomy operations. However, they may be necessary in case of severe cardiovascular insufficiency or respiratory complications. Although USG is now widely utilized for central catheterization, the latter is performed blindly by using reference points at many centers. A knowledge of diameter change in central veins will reduce the rate of complications in laparoscopic surgeries. According to the results of our study, central venous intervention can be more easily performed after laparoscopic insufflation in such patients. Future studies may investigate if CSA increments will be more exaggerated when maneuvers producing CSA increments, such as PEEP or Trendelenburg position, are applied in conjunction with laparoscopy, or whether different CSA increments will be obtained when different intraabdominal pressure limits are used.

This study had some limitations. First of all, as the patients were undergoing cholecystectomy operation, they were placed in head up and left lateral tilt position after CO₂ insufflation and trocar’s placement at the first stage of laparoscopy procedure. Therefore, the study was so designed that the measurements could only be made at the first stage of laparoscopy and 5 min after placing patients again in supine position following the end of the procedure. A study that would be conducted on patients continuously remaining in neutral position may allow performing more frequent measurements that would facilitate the observation of possible changes in every stages of laparoscopy procedure. As a result, after we observed the effect of intraabdominal pressure increase on vein CSAs, we decided to investigate the correlation of CSA changes with pressure alterations in abdominal compartment syndrome in a future study.

In conclusion, pneumoperitoneum applied with a pressure of 12 mmHg during laparoscopic cholecystectomy produced significant increases in the CSAs of IJV and SCV. More studies are needed to study the clinical effects of this result, such as those on catheter placement time and the incidence of side effects, in patients necessitating catheter placement.

ASA, American society of anesthesiologists; CSA, cross-sectional area; IJV, internal jugular vein; PEEP, positive end expiratory pressure; SCV, subclavian vein.