This is one of the largest experience reported in literature by a single center on cardiac surgery performed in octogenarians, which represent the fastest growing patients’ group candidate to surgery. Typical pathophysiological changes are present in this population. Nonetheless, since individuals vary greatly in the rate at which their organs decline physiological more than chronological age should be considered in the evaluations of the patients candidate to undergo cardiac surgery [1]. Impairment of organ function manifests at different levels. Cardiovascular system is strongly affected: the heart, differently from other organs, does not atrophy with aging, but may become thicker and larger. The prevalence of diastolic dysfunction is very high, and cardiac index may be reduced [2]. Our data indeed show a preoperative ejection fraction ≤ 40% in 17% of patients and a preoperative ejection fraction ≤ 30% in 5.9% of cases, but the presence of diastolic dysfunction might be even higher. Furthermore, a deterioration in kidney function can also be observed and estimated with calculation of glomerular filtration rate, even if little changes in creatinine plasmatic value often occur [3]. In the present study, despite nearly normal serum creatinine values (1.06 ± 0.4 mg/dl), the calculation of creatinine clearance (50 ± 16 ml/h) disclosed the presence of kidney function impairment. Respiratory, hepatic, metabolic systems show a decline too, and neurologic impairment is also commonly observed. For these reasons only a minority of elderly symptomatic patients are referred for surgical treatment because the operative risk is considered too high. Not surprisingly, this fragile population of patients are at higher risk when operated, but although the mortality rate is higher that 1-3% usually observed in elective cardiac surgery in the overall population, we observed an acceptable 3.9% rate in this specific subset of high risk patients. Forty-two percent of patients received transfusions during the perioperative period confirming that advanced age still represents a high risk category for transfusion, according to the Update to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologist Blood Conservation Clinical Practice Guidelines [11].
The long duration of mechanical ventilation that we recorded (i.e. 15 (12–20) hours) has multifactorial explanations including the long half-life of fentanyl, pre-existing pulmonary comorbidities, and perioperative factors and complications such as hemodynamic instability, sepsis, and pneumonia. Notably, preoperative COPD was the only preoperative independent mortality predictor in this population and it had an high prevalence in this elderly population.
Recently some studies addressed the issue of performing cardiac surgery in the old patients: the data published by Bridgest [12] on coronary surgery and by Biancari [13] on mitral valve surgery show a trend towards a reduction in mortality far from that of the nineties. In that period 80 year old patients undergoing heart surgery were reported to have a 24% mortality rate in the far 1988 [4] and 15.7% by Freeman and colleagues in 1991 [3].
In the last 2 decades, extraordinary technologic developments and evolution of knowledge has led to a reduction in mortality. Such developments include improvements in surgical technique, CPB technology and circuits, the management of cardioplegic circulation, transfusions policy, hemodynamic and coagulation monitoring, post-cardiac surgery care (including mechanical circulatory support and fluid therapy). Clinicians share the common idea that who is nowadays candidate to CABG surgery is older and sicker than in the past (more comorbidities, advanced multidistrectual vasculopathy), but a decreasing mortality rate has been reported in literature for coronary artery bypass surgery [5, 14]. This is a very important topic as coronary artery bypass surgery is among the most frequent interventions performed in our population of octogenarians, accounting for 46% of the total amount. Bridgest et al. published a very interesting study on a very large number of patients [12]. They reported data from The Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Database with 59,576 patients aged 80 who underwent cardiac surgery from 1997 to 2000. In the CABG group of those aged between 80 and 89 the mortality was 7.1%. Notably, mortality rate in CABG surgery was 3.4% in our study population, which is lower than mortality of mitral valve and aortic valve surgery in the same population (6% and 3.8%, respectively).
In their conclusion, Bridgest et al. [12] stressed the concept that, thank to a careful selection, the old patients candidate to CABG have a lower risk, similar to that of younger patients.
We strongly agree that such an approach or patients’ risk stratification may help to identify those patients with good preoperative status for whom age alone should not be considered a contraindication to surgery.
There are two main open issues regarding CABG patients: one is the issue of the most critical old CABG-patients who reach the operating theater in unstable hemodynamic condition requiring mechanical circulatory support (5 patients in our case series had preoperative IABP, of whom 3 underwent CABG), and the other one is off-pump versus on-pump CABG surgery. Theoretically off-pump surgery may present some advantages compared to on-pump cardiac surgery, as systemic inflammation, myocardial injury, and cerebral injury may be strongly reduced without CPB [15, 16] and such benefits may be relevant in patients with precarious homeostasis as the elderly. Minimally invasive surgery for a single vessel bypass might reduce even more postoperative complications. Besides, off-pump surgery was shown to be associated with less postoperative neurologic complications compared to CPB surgery [17, 18]. Mortality in aortic valve surgery is 3.8%, which seems low considering the characteristics of these patients who frequently manifest low output postoperative syndrome because of the anatomic changes of the heart secondary to the pathology, not always easy to be managed. This case series doesn’t take in account the percutaneous procedure of aortic valve replacement (TAVI). In our center this program of TAVI was still at the beginning in the period of the present data collection and reserved to the more complex patients unsuitable for surgery (i.e. calcified aorta, scarring from previous surgery). However, data from TAVI registries in many countries are very promising, and TAVI technique might represent one of the most important innovation in cardiac surgery of the last years [19–21].
With regards to mitral valve surgery, a recent systematic review about octogenarians reported that mortality risk is rather high (15%) [13]. However, the data clearly show that the operative risk has been markedly lower in the most recent series, as a consequence of the improvements in patient selection, surgical techniques, intraoperative management, and postoperative care. Indeed, we only observed a 6% mortality rate in mitral valve surgery. Furthermore, institutions with experience in valve repair, the mitral valve can be effectively reconstructed even in octogenarians, avoiding prosthesis-related problems. Using additional procedures only if strictly required may have positive influence on the patient’s outcome [22–24]. In our institution we proceed according to a strategy which aims at minimizing the surgery induced trauma (concomitant surgical procedures are possibly avoided and expeditious surgical technique of mitral valve repair is adopted) and at optimizing the treatment of postoperative hemodynamic instability and low output syndrome given the little tolerance to postoperative complications by the elderly. The impact of major complication (i.e. acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy, low output syndrome requiring IABP support and sepsis) on mortality in octogenarians is enormous: in this series, patients suffering from at least one of the major complications above had a mortality rate of 17%. In the elderly the potential benefits on organ function of new drugs (eg. levosimendan, fenoldopam) or mechanical circulatory support still has to be clarified. Moreover, many strategies have shown relevant benefits in cardiac surgery, but their role in this subset of patients has never been investigated: for example the use of postoperative non invasive ventilation or the use of volatile anesthetics for maintance of anesthesia were already proven to have positive effects on outcome and may be confirmed to have benefits also in octogenarians [25, 26].
In our center between 1998 and 2001 the octogenarians who underwent cardiac surgery were only 1.8% of the total, but we observed a very low mortality rate (1.8%).
In the light of these data, we expanded our experience in the following years with less strict contraindications to surgery, and people aged 80 or more represents nowadays 3.5% of the patients receiving cardiac surgery, with a reasonably low mortality (3.85%).
Despite these results, it is still an open issue whether the benefits, in terms of quality of life expectations after surgery, outbalance the risk in the elder. Gjeilo and colleagues observed an improvement in quality of life in patients aged 75 years or more from baseline to 6 months postoperatively, and remained relatively stable 5 years after cardiac surgery [27]. Khan and collaborators found that in most octogenarians hospital morbidity is increased, and hospital stay is longer [28]. On the contrary, Deschka et al. found that advanced age is correlated with a higher mortality, but not with prolonged ICU treatment or higher costs after cardiac surgery [29]. On the opposite, in a recent study by Meziere et al., age was found to be an independent risk factor of postoperative mortality and postoperative complications including cognitive dysfunction, with no impact of the choice of anesthetic technique on risk [30].
Notably, we were able to identify only 1 mortality risk predictor at baseline in this population: preoperative COPD, which is extremely common in the elderly. Therefore, the stratification of old patients candidate to undergo cardiac surgery is not trivial.
We acknowledge some limitations of our work. The study is retrospective and covers a long period of time during which the perioperative management of cardiac surgical patients may have been partially changed, both for young and old persons. We did not mention separately the postoperative complications due to infection because of lacking of complete data. We also could not provide data on diastolic dysfunction, which has a high prevalence in this population and could be extremely invalidating. Few definitions used in this paper (eg clinical condition at hospital discharge) are based on local protocols in the absence of universally accepted international criteria. We acknowledge also that the trial design did not include a follow-up. Furthermore, although we conclude that cardiac surgery may have benefits for the elderly, a score of the quality of life after surgery was not available for these patients.
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