Table 1 Characteristics of PONV Prophylaxis Following Orthognathic Studies

Samieirad

(2018)

orthognathic surgery

pharmacological

ondansetron + dexamethasone vs. clonidine + dexamethasone

15/15

intraoperative

PON: 53.3% vs. 73.3% at 24 h

POV: 0% vs. 6.7% at 24 h

Gecaj-Gashi

(2012)

orthognathic surgery

pharmacological

dexamethasone vs. metoclopramide

11/11

preoperative

PON: 9.0% vs. 27.2% at 6 h *

POV: 0% vs. 18.1% at 6 h *

Lin

(2017)

orthognathic surgery

pharmacological

dexamethasone 15 mg vs. dexamethasone 5 mg

31/25

preoperative

PON: 9.7% vs. 8.0% in inpatient hospital stay

POV: 12.9% vs. 16.0% in inpatient hospital stay

Chatellier

(2012)

mandibular surgery

pharmacological

bilateral inferior alveolar nerve block vs. placebo

16/14

preoperative

PONV: 6.3% vs. 42.9% at 24 h *

Vetter

(2020)

mandibular surgery

pharmacological

bilateral inferior alveolar nerve block vs. placebo

26/25

preoperative

PONV: 15.4% vs. 40% at 24 h *

Wang

(2021)

bimaxillary

surgery

pharmacological

bilateral trigeminal nerve block vs. placebo

20/20

preoperative

POV: 20% vs. 40% at 24 h *

Bertuit

(2021)

mandibular surgery

pharmacological

bilateral mandibular nerve block vs. placebo

50/57

preoperative

PONV: 46.0% vs. 21.1% at 24 h *

Labafchi

(2023)

bimaxillary

surgery

pharmacological

dexmedetomidine vs. placebo

30/30

perioperative

PON: 3.3% vs. 46.7% at 24 h *

Ahiskalioglu

(2016)

double jaw surgery

pharmacological

pregabalin vs. placebo

20/20

preoperative

PONV: 10% vs. 40% at 24 h *

Khajavi

(2018)

orthognathic surgery

pharmacological

pregabalin + clonidine vs. placebo

35/35

preoperative

PONV: 5.7% vs. 14.7% at 3 h *

Park

(2016)

bimaxillary

osteotomy

pharmacological

nefopam vs. placebo

20/21

perioperative

PON: 15% vs. 33% at 24 h

POV: 15% vs. 29% at 24 h

Choi

(2019)

bimaxillary

surgery

pharmacological

nefopam vs. fentanyl

48/41

postoperative

PONV: 27.7% vs. 17.1% at 8 h

Nooh

(2013)

Le Fort I osteotomy

pharmacological

remifentanil vs. fentanyl

8/9

intraoperative

PON: 50% vs. 55.6% in PACU

POV: 25% vs. 33.3% in PACU

Tabrizi

(2012)

bimaxillary

surgery

pharmacological

propofol vs. isoflurane

32/30

intraoperative

PONV: 3.1% vs. 16.7% in PACU

Lin

(2016)

bimaxillary surgery

pharmacological

propofol vs. sevoflurane switch to propofol vs. sevoflurane

21/21/21

intraoperative

PONV: 9.5% vs. 14.3% vs. 28.6% in inpatient hospital stay

Wang

(2021)

bimaxillary

surgery

pharmacological

bolus penehyclidine vs. bolus plus continuous penehyclidine vs. placebo

117/118/118

perioperative

PONV: 40.2% vs. 28.0% vs. 61.0% at 72 h *

Kim

(2009)

mandibular surgery

non-pharmacological

capsicum plaster at Hegu acupoints vs. capsicum plaster on the shoulders vs. placebo

28/28/28

preoperative

PON: 10.7% vs. 42.9% vs. 46.4% at 72 h *

POV: 7.1% vs. 39.3% vs. 42.9% at 72 h *

Faro

(2020)

orthognathic surgery

non-pharmacological

throat packs vs. placebo

25/25

intraoperative

PON: 32% vs. 36% at 24 h

POV: 24% vs. 24% at 24 h

Powell

(2021)

orthognathic surgery

non-pharmacological

throat packs vs. placebo

15/15

intraoperative

PONV: 26.7% vs. 26.7% at 24 h

Schmitt

(2016)

orthognathic surgery

non-pharmacological

gastric aspiration vs. placebo

12/12

postoperative

PONV: 33.3% vs. 33.3% in inpatient hospital stay

Oliveira

(2022)

bimaxillary

surgery

non-pharmacological

gastric aspiration vs. placebo

39/44

postoperative

POV: 15.4% vs. 36.4% at 24 h *