Table 1 Patient characteristics

Patient characteristics

 Male - no. (%)

101 (50.8)

63 (48.8)

38 (54.3)

0.463

 Median age [IQR] - years

74 [69–81]

72 [68–77]

80 [74–83]

< 0.001

 Mean Body-Mass-Index [IQR] - kg/m²

26.3 [23.5–29.4]

26.89 [23.9–29.5]

25.3 [22.8–29.3]

0.255

Pre-existing conditions

 Arterial hypertension - no. (%)

155 (77.9)

91 (70.5)

64 (91.4)

0.001

 Hyperlipidaemia - no. (%)

51 (25.6)

25 (19.4)

26 (37.1)

0.010

 Nicotine abuse - no. (%)

64 (32.2)

45 (34.9)

19 (27.1)

0.338

  Nicotine abuse continued - no. (%)

28 (14.1)

20 (15.5)

8 (11.4)

0.565

 Diabetes mellitus - no. (%)

63 (31.7)

36 (27.9)

27 (38.6)

0.166

 Peripheral vessel disease - no. (%)

19 (9.5)

9 (7.0)

10 (14.3)

0.155

 Prior myocardial infarction - no. (%)

21 (10.6)

10 (7.8)

11 (15.7)

0.133

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - no. (%)

27 (13.6)

15 (11.6)

12 (17.1)

0.385

 Pulmonary hypertension - no. (%)

4 (2.0)

0 (0.0)

4 (5.7)

0.014

 Carotid artery stenosis - no. (%)

10 (5.0)

6 (4.7)

4 (5.7)

0.743

 Chronic kidney disease - no. (%)

131 (65.8)

79 (61.2)

52 (74.3)

0.090

  Stage 1 - no. (%)

68 (34.2)

50 (38.8)

18 (25.7)

0.090

  Stage 2 - no. (%)

79 (39.7)

61 (47.3)

18 (25.7)

0.005

  Stage 3 - no. (%)

37 (18.6)

17 (13.2)

20 (28.6)

0.013

  Stage 4 - no. (%)

11 (5.5)

1 (0.8)

10 (14.3)

< 0.001

  Stage 5 - no. (%)

4 (2.0)

0 (0.0)

4 (5.7)

0.014

 Revised cardiac risk index [IQR] - no.

1 [0–2]

1 [0–1]

1 [1, 2]

< 0.001

  Intraperitoneal or intrathoracic

77 (38.7)

54 (41.9)

23 (32.9)

0.274

  Coronary artery disease - no. (%)

51 (25.6)

22 (17.1)

29 (25.6)

< 0.001

  Chronic heart failure - no. (%)

21 (10.6)

4 (3.1)

17 (24.3)

< 0.001

   HFpEF - no. (%)

15 (7.5)

3 (2.3)

12 (17.1)

< 0.001

   HFmrEF - no. (%)

4 (2.0)

1 (0.8)

3 (4.3)

0.126

   HFrEF - no. (%)

2 (1.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (2.9)

0.123

 Prior stroke/TIA - no. (%)

21 (10.6)

10 (7.8)

11 (15.7)

0.133

 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus - no. (%)

23 (11.6)

10 (7.8)

13 (11.6)

0.041

 Serum creatine > 2 mg/dl - no (%)

13 (6.5)

1 (0.8)

12 (17.1)

< 0.001

ASA class

 ASA 1 - no. (%)

4 (2.0)

4 (3.1)

0 (0.0)

0.300

 ASA 2 - no. (%)

67 (38.2)

59 (45.7)

17 (4.3)

0.005

 ASA 3 - no. (%)

116 (58.3)

65 (50.4)

51 (72.9)

0.004

 ASA 4 - no. (%)

3 (1.5)

1 (0.8)

2 (2.9)

0.283

Metabolic equivalent of task

 < 4 MET - no. (%)

31 (15.6)

10 (7.8)

21 (30.0)

< 0.001

Laboratory parameters

 NT-proBNP [IQR] - pg/ml

277 [134–779]

173 [103–274]

1309 [730–2918]

< 0.001

 eGFR [IQR] - ml/min

85 [58–102]

88 [69–103]

64 [43–91]

< 0.001

 Serum creatinine [IQR] - mg/dl

0.9 [0.7–1.1]

0.8 [0.7–1.0]

1.0 [0.8–1.4]

< 0.001

 Preoperative haemoglobin [IQR] - g/dl

12.8 [11.3–14.2]

13.2 [12.2–14.4]

11.5 [10.1–13.6]

< 0.001

 Postoperative haemoglobin [IQR] - g/dl

11.0 [9.8–12.5]

11.6 [10.5–12.7]

10.0 [9.3–11.6]

< 0.001

Echocardiography

 preoperative echocardiography - no. (%)

53 (26.6)

27 (20.9)

26 (37.1)

0.021

 Ejection fraction

  ≥ 50% - no. (%)

40 (93.0)^a

20 (95.2)^b

20 (90.9)^c

1.0

  41–49% - no. (%)

0 (0.0)^a

0 (0.0)^b

0 (0.0)^c

1.0

  ≤ 40% - no. (%)

3 (7.0)^a

1 (4.8)^b

2 (9.1)^c

1.0

 TAPSE [IQR] - mm

23 [20-25]^d

23 [21-25]^e

23 [19-25]

0.250

 PAP_sys [IQR] - mmHg

2 [22-34]^g

23 [21-28]^h

32 [26–39]ⁱ

0.006

 TR-V_max [IQR] - m/s

2.6 [2.4–2.9]^j

2.4 [2.3–2.7]^h

2.8 [2.5–3.0]^k

0.010

 E/A ratio [IQR] - no.

0.8 [0.7–1.1]^m

0.7 [0.7–1.0]^c

0.8 [0.7–1.3]^h

0.260

 E/e’ ratio [IQR] - no.

10.6 [8.8–13.7]ⁿ

9.8 [8.1–11.0]^o

11.1 [9.9–16.4]^p

0.029

 LA volume index [IQR] - ml/m²

36.7 [27.4–48.1]^m

30.2 [26.5–43.5]^o

47.3 [36.6–54.8]^q

0.017

 Aortic valve stenosis II-III° - no. (%)

1 (1.9)

1 (3.7)

0 (0.0)

1.0

 Aortic valve regurgitation II-III° - no. (%)

2 (3.8)

0 (0.0)

2 (7.7)

0.236

 Mitral valve regurgitation II-III° - no. (%)

9 (17.0)

1 (3.7)

8 (30.8)

0.011

 Tricuspid valve regurgitation II-III° - no. (%)

12 (22.6)

3 (11.1)

9 (34.6)

0.086

Surgical risk

 intermediate risk - no (%)

181 (91.0)

117 (90.7)

64 (91.4)

1.000

 high risk - no (%)

18 (9.0)

12 (9.3)

6 (8.6)

1.000

Surgery types

 Abdominal, thoracic - no. (%)

78 (39.2)

55 (42.6)

23 (32.9)

0.231

 Neurological, maxillofacial, ear-nose-throat - no. (%)

52 (26.1)

38 (29.5)

14 (20.0)

0.200

 Trauma, orthopaedic - no. (%)

69 (34.7)

36 (27.9)

33 (47.1)

0.010