Table 1 Basic clinical characteristics of the study population

Age (years)

63.13 ± 16.60

69.06 ± 15.61

61.29 ± 16.47

-10.528

< 0.001

Male, n (%)

1,489 (55.44)

343 (53.76)

1,146 (55.96)

0.949

0.330

SOFA (score)

5.93 ± 4.00

7.65 ± 4.41

5.39 ± 3.70

-12.834

< 0.001

SAPS II (score)

37.10 ± 14.44

45.42 ± 14.68

34.52 ± 13.35

-17.574

< 0.001

BUN (mg/dL)

18 (12,28)

23 (15,39)

17 (12,2)

-10.746

< 0.001

Albumin (g/dL)

3.20 ± 0.67

3.09 ± 0.70

3.23 ± 0.66

4.593

< 0.001

B/A

5.52 (3.67,9.69)

7.47 (4.58,13.46)

5.15 (3.41,8.41)

-10.798

< 0.001

WBC (× 109/L)

10.70 (7.50,14.80)

11.95 (8.80,16.70)

10.40 (7.30,14.20)

-6.655

< 0.001

Hemoglobin (g/L)

111.45 ± 22.71

107.57 ± 23.75

112.65 ± 22.24

4.958

< 0.001

Hematocrit (%)

33.42 ± 6.55

32.60 ± 6.95

33.68 ± 6.40

3.628

< 0.001

Platelet (× 10⁹/L)

192 (135,264)

185 (122,254)

194 (139,266)

2.204

0.028

Creatinine (umol/L)

79.56 (61.88,114.92)

97.24 (70.72,159.12)

79.56 (61.88,106.08)

-7.929

< 0.001

Bicarbonate (mmol/L)

22.68 ± 4.60

21.90 ± 5.22

22.92 ± 4.36

4.897

< 0.001

Glucose (mmol/L)

8.22 ± 3.81

8.46 ± 4.10

8.14 ± 3.72

-1.861

0.063

Total calcium (mmol/L)

2.09 ± 0.25

2.09 ± 0.23

2.09 ± 0.26

-0.005

0.996

Phosphorus (mmol/L)

1.19 ± 0.46

1.25 ± 0.53

1.17 ± 0.43

-3.673

< 0.001

Magnesium (mmol/L)

0.79 ± 0.16

0.81 ± 0.17

0.78 ± 0.16

-4.840

< 0.001

Chlorine (mmol/L)

103.81 ± 6.31

103.43 ± 7.20

103.93 ± 6.00

1.751

0.080

Potassium (mmol/L)

4.12 ± 0.77

4.24 ± 0.87

4.08 ± 0.74

-4.540

< 0.001

Sodium (mmol/L)

137.98 ± 5.27

137.95 ± 6.21

137.99 ± 4.95

0.165

0.869

MV, n (%)

1,828 (68.06)

513 (80.41)

1,315 (64.21)

58.714

< 0.001

Comorbidities, n (%)

 Hypertension

1,178 (43.86)

295 (46.24)

883 (43.12)

1.927

0.165

 Diabetes

719 (26.77)

176 (27.59)

543 (26.51)

0.286

0.593

 ARF

675 (25.13)

266 (41.69)

409 (19.97)

121.996

 < 0.001

 Atrial fibrillation

608 (22.64)

214 (33.54)

394 (19.24)

56.836

 < 0.001

 Cirrhosis

459 (17.09)

128 (20.06)

331 (16.16)

5.224

0.022

 CKD

390 (14.52)

122 (19.12)

268 (13.09)

14.281

< 0.001

 Malignancy

526 (19.58)

153 (23.98)

373 (18.21)

10.278

0.001

 AMI

116 (4.32)

38 (5.96)

78 (3.81)

5.429

0.020

 SAH

224 (8.34)

69 (10.82)

155 (7.57)

6.708

0.010

 Acute pancreatitis

67 (2.49)

15 (2.35)

52 (2.54)

0.071

0.790

 Sepsis

1,658 (61.73)

454 (71.16)

1,204 (58.79)

31.512

< 0.001

 Peripheral vascular disease

236 (8.79)

76 (11.91)

160 (7.81)

10.202

< 0.001

 Severe liver disease

403 (15.00)

124 (19.44)

279 (13.62)

12.888

< 0.001

 AKI

1682 (62.62)

487 (76.33)

1195 (58.35)

67.206

< 0.001

 Peptic ulcer disease

74 (2.76)

21 (3.29)

53 (2.59)

0.899

0.343

 Paraplegia

328 (12.21)

106 (16.61)

222 (10.84)

15.131

< 0.001

Length of ICU stay (days)

3.62 (1.95,7.76)

5.04 (2.42,10.16)

3.17 (1.89,6.86)

-7.520

< 0.001

Length of hospital stay (days)

10.31 (6.13,18.58)

10.75 (4.96,18.79)

10.19 (6.52,18.54)

2.023

0.043