Epidural nalbuphine versus dexmedetomidine as adjuvants to bupivacaine in lower limb orthopedic surgeries for postoperative analgesia: a randomized controlled trial

Table 4 Comparison between the three studied groups regarding adverse effects and medications given

Variables	Group C (n = 23)	Group N (n = 23)	Group D (n = 23)	P value
Hypotension Number (%)	6 (26.1%)	5 (21.7%)	4 (17.4%)	0.774
Bradycardia Number (%)	6 (26.1%)	1 (4.3%)	8 (34.8%)^a	0.029
Shivering Number (%)	8 (34.8%)^b	1 (4.3%)	2 (8.7%)	0.029
Nausea & vomiting Number (%)	6 (26.1%)	2 (8.7%)	2 (8.7%)	0.116
Medications given
Ephedrine Number (%)
No	11 (47.8%)	18 (78.3%)	19 (82.6%)	0.014
3 mg	6 (26.1%)^c	3 (13%)	3 (13%)
6 mg	6 (26.1%)^c	2 (8.7%)	1 (4.3%)
Atropine 0.6 mg Number (%)	2 (8.7%)	1 (4.3%)	8 (34.8%)^d	0.029

Chi-square test
Group C control group, Group N nalbuphine group, Group D dexmedetomidine group, n total number of subjects in each group
P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant
P ≤ 0.001 is highly statistically significant
^aBradycardia was significantly common among group D patients
^bShivering was significantly common among group C patients
^cThe need for Ephedrine was significantly high in group C
^dThe need for atropine was significantly high in group D

ISSN: 1471-2253