Epidural nalbuphine versus dexmedetomidine as adjuvants to bupivacaine in lower limb orthopedic surgeries for postoperative analgesia: a randomized controlled trial

Table 2 Comparison between the studied groups regarding epidural onset, duration, level of sedation and sensory block level

Variables	Group C (n = 23)	Group N (n = 23)	Group D (n = 23)	P value
Epidural onset (min)	17.83 ± 2.53^a	13.39 ± 1.27	12.17 ± 1.27	< 0.001
Epidural duration (min)	241.3 ± 14.24	318.38 ± 22.54	365.87 ± 18.01^b	< 0.001
Level of sedation Number (%)
1	2 (8.7%)	2 (8.7%)	1 (4.3%)	< 0.001
2	21 (91.3%)	14 (60.9%)	9 (39.1%)
3	0 (0%)	7 (30.4%)	9 (39.1%)
5	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	4 (17.4%)^c
Sensory block Number (%)
T6	10 (43.5%)	8 (34.8%)	12 (52.2%)	0.293
T8	13 (56.5%)	15 (65.2%)	11 (47.8%)	0.293

One-way ANOVA test, chi-square test, Monte Carlo test
Group C control group, Group N nalbuphine group, Group D dexmedetomidine group, n total number of subjects in each group
P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant
P ≤ 0.001 is highly statistically significant
^aEpidural onset was highly significantly longer in the control group
^bEpidural analgesia duration was highly significant longer in group D
^cLevel of sedation was significantly higher in group D

ISSN: 1471-2253