Table 1 The general characteristics of the enrolled studies
Study (Reference) | Year | Type of surgery /procedure | Patient age range & ASA status | Patients enrolled (Gender: F/M, n) | Nebulized Ketamine Group (dose, n) | Control Group (dose, n) | Scale used for sedation measurement | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nebulized Ketamine vs. Placebo Control | ||||||||
Abdel-Ghaffar HS et al. [21] | 2019 | Elective tonsillectomy | 7–12 years, ASA I-II | 75 (40/35) | 2 mg/kg, n = 25; 1 mg/kg, n = 25 | saline 0.9% up to 3 ml, n = 25 | 5-point scales | I, VI |
Nebulized Ketamine vs. Oral Ketamine | ||||||||
Kamel AAF et al. [22] | 2020 | Elective surgery | 3–6 years, ASA I-II | 62 (24/38) | 3 mg/kg, n = 31 | 10 mg/kg ketamine orally, n = 31 | 5-point scales | I, II, VI |
Nebulized Ketamine vs. Intravenous Ketamine | ||||||||
Abdel-Ghaffar HS et al. [21] | 2019 | Elective tonsillectomy | 7–12 years, ASA I-II | 75 (40/35) | 2 mg/kg, n = 25; 1 mg/kg, n = 25 | 0.5 mg/kg ketamine i.v.,n = 25 | 5-point scales | I, VI |
Nebulized Ketamine vs. Nebulized Midazolam | ||||||||
Abdel-Ghaffar HS et al. [23] | 2018 | Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy | 3–7 years, ASA I-II | 60 (27/33) | 2 mg/kg, n = 30 | 0.2 mg/kg nebulized midazolam, n = 30 | 5-point scales | I-III, VI |
Verma I et al. [24] | 2021 | Elective cardiac surgery | 1–12 years, ASA II-III | 60 (23/37) | 5 mg/kg, n = 30 | 0.2 mg/kg nebulized midazolam, n = 30 | 5-point scales | VI, VII |
Shereef KM et al. [25] | 2022 | Elective surgery | 3–7 years, ASA I-II | 61 (Not mentioned) | 2 mg/kg, n = 31 | 0.2 mg/kg nebulized midazolam, n = 30 | 5-point scales | VII |
Nebulized Ketamine vs. Nebulized Dexmedetomidine | ||||||||
Zanaty OM et al. [14] | 2015 | Dental procedures | 3–6 years, ASA I-II | 40 (19/21) | 2 mg/kg, n = 20 | 2 ug/kg nebulized dexmedetomidine, n = 20 | 7-point scales | I-III, V-VII |
Abdel-Ghaffar HS et al. [23] | 2018 | Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy | 3–7 years, ASA I-II | 60 (30/30) | 2 mg/kg, n = 30 | 0.2 ug/kg nebulized dexmedetomidine, n = 30 | 5-point scales | I-III, VI |
Mohammad Hazem I et al. [26] | 2020 | Elective tonsillectomy | 3–6 years, ASA I-II | 50 (Not mentioned) | 3 mg/kg, n = 25 | 3 ug/kg nebulized dexmedetomidine, n = 25 | 6-point scales | I-III |
Geetha K et al. [27] | 2022 | Diagnostic MRI | 2–8 years, ASA I-II | 71 (36/35) | 2 mg/kg, n = 36 | 2 ug/kg nebulized dexmedetomidine, n = 35 | 4-point scales | I, IV, VI |
Shereef KM et al. [25] | 2022 | Elective surgery | 3–7 years, ASA I-II | 62 (Not mentioned) | 2 mg/kg, n = 31 | 2 ug/kg nebulized dexmedetomidine, n = 31 | 5-point scales | VI, VII |
Singariya G et al. [28] | 2022 | Hernia repair surgery | 2–8 years, ASA I-II | 70 (15/55) | 2 mg/kg, n = 35 | 2 ug/kg nebulized dexmedetomidine, n = 35 | 6-point scales | I-III, V-VII |
Nebulized Ketamine vs. Nebulized Dexmedetomidine plus Nebulized Ketamine | ||||||||
Zanaty OM et al. [14] | 2015 | Dental procedures | 3–6 years, ASA I-II | 40 (20/20) | 2 mg/kg, n = 20 | Nebulized dexmedetomidine/ketamine (1 ug/kg + 1 mg/kg), n = 20 | 7-point scales | I-III, V-VI |
Dharamkhele SA et al. [29] | 2020 | Elective surgery | 3–10 years, ASA I-II | 47 (11/36) | 2 mg/kg, n = 23 | Nebulized dexmedetomidine/ketamine (1 ug/kg + 1 mg/kg), n = 24 | 7-point scales | I-III |
Mohammad Hazem I et al. [26] | 2020 | Elective tonsillectomy | 3–6 years, ASA I-II | 50 (Not mentioned) | 3 mg/kg, n = 25 | Nebulized dexmedetomidine/ketamine (1.5 ug/kg + 1.5 mg/kg), n = 25 | 6-point scales | I-III |