Table 1 Baseline characteristics before and after propensity score matching

Female, n (%)

6286 (42.5)

2733 (40.4)

< 0.1

0.004

2356 (40.7)

2378 (41.1)

< 0.1

0.691

Age (years)

63.6(52.5, 74.6)

76.1(67.4, 83.7)

0.864

< 0.001

74.5 (65.5, 82.8)

74.2 (66.0, 82.0)

< 0.1

0.149

Ethnicity, n (%)

0.209

< 0.001

< 0.1

0.869

White

9481 (64.2)

4924 (72.9)

4165 (71.9)

4158 (71.8)

Black

1351 (9.1)

343 (5.1)

332 (5.7)

331 (5.7)

Asian

445 (3)

164 (2.4)

134 (2.3)

148 (2.6)

Other

3502 (23.7)

1328 (19.6)

1159 (20)

1153 (19.9)

Heart rate (bpm)

85.7(75.8, 97.5)

84.2(75.1, 96.4)

< 0.1

< 0.001

83.9(75.1, 95.1)

83.9(74.8, 95.6)

< 0.1

0.836

MAP (mmHg)

76.1(70.4, 83.2)

74.0(68.9, 80.1)

0.238

< 0.001

74.4(69.0, 80.7)

74.3(69.1, 80.4)

< 0.1

0.945

Respiratory rate (bpm)

18.9(16.7, 22.0)

19.1(16.8, 21.9)

< 0.1

0.084

18.9(16.8, 21.9)

19.0(16.8, 21.9)

< 0.1

0.674

Temperature (°C)

37.4(37.0, 38.0)

37.2(36.9, 37.8)

0.21

< 0.001

37.3(36.9, 37.8)

37.3(36.9, 37.8)

< 0.1

0.214

Comorbidities, n (%)

Myocardial infarct

2172 (14.7)

1540 (22.8)

0.208

< 0.001

1273 (22)

1258 (21.7)

< 0.1

0.753

Congestive heart failure

2984 (20.2)

3161 (46.8)

0.587

< 0.001

2218 (38.3)

2299 (39.7)

< 0.1

0.127

Hypertension

6221 (42.1)

3056 (45.2)

< 0.1

< 0.001

2765 (47.8)

2699 (46.6)

< 0.1

0.226

Hyperlipidaemia

4717 (31.9)

3039 (45)

0.271

< 0.001

2596 (44.8)

2545 (44)

< 0.1

0.35

Peripheral vascular disease

1484 (10)

1115 (16.5)

0.191

< 0.001

887 (15.3)

882 (15.2)

< 0.1

0.918

Dementia

574 (3.9)

355 (5.3)

< 0.1

< 0.001

318 (5.5)

316 (5.5)

< 0.1

0.967

Cerebrovascular disease

2044 (13.8)

1093 (16.2)

< 0.1

< 0.001

868 (15)

924 (16)

< 0.1

0.158

Chronic pulmonary disease

3491 (23.6)

2063 (30.5)

0.156

< 0.001

1684 (29.1)

1686 (29.1)

< 0.1

0.984

Rheumatic disease

501 (3.4)

268 (4)

< 0.1

0.038

228 (3.9)

230 (4)

< 0.1

0.962

Renal disease

2565 (17.4)

1941 (28.7)

0.272

< 0.001

1475 (25.5)

1531 (26.4)

< 0.1

0.244

Peptic ulcer disease

465 (3.1)

191 (2.8)

< 0.1

0.22

176 (3)

174 (3)

< 0.1

0.957

Mild liver disease

2411 (16.3)

657 (9.7)

0.197

< 0.001

596 (10.3)

613 (10.6)

< 0.1

0.627

Severe liver disease

1265 (8.6)

234 (3.5)

0.216

< 0.001

238 (4.1)

231 (4)

< 0.1

0.777

Diabetes

4236 (28.7)

2206 (32.6)

< 0.1

< 0.001

1928 (33.3)

1920 (33.2)

< 0.1

0.89

Malignant cancer

2049 (13.9)

795 (11.8)

< 0.1

< 0.001

747 (12.9)

737 (12.7)

< 0.1

0.802

CCI score

5.0 (3.0, 7.0)

6.0 (5.0, 8.0)

0.493

< 0.001

6.0 (5.0, 8.0)

6.0 (5.0, 8.0)

< 0.1

0.643

Laboratory parameters

Haemoglobin (g/dL)

9.8 (8.4, 11.4)

9.6 (8.2, 11.1)

< 0.1

< 0.001

9.7 (8.3, 11.1)

9.6 (8.3, 11.1)

< 0.1

0.578

Platelets (10⁹/L)

162.0(110.0,227.0)

152.0(109.0,212.0)

< 0.1

< 0.001

157.0(111.0,218.0)

152.0(109.0,213.0)

< 0.1

0.235

WBCs (10⁹/L)

13.8 (10.0, 18.8)

14.2 (10.3, 19.1)

< 0.1

< 0.001

13.7 (10.1, 18.8)

14.3 (10.4, 19.1)

< 0.1

0.002

BUN (mg/dL)

21.0 (14.0, 34.0)

26.0 (17.0, 42.0)

0.203

< 0.001

24.0 (17.0, 39.0)

24.0 (17.0, 40.0)

< 0.1

0.301

Creatinine (mEq/L)

0.9 (0.7, 1.3)

1.0 (0.8, 1.5)

< 0.1

< 0.001

1.0 (0.7, 1.5)

1.0 (0.7, 1.5)

< 0.1

0.224

Glucose (mg/dL)

146.0(118.0,194.0)

142.0(116.0,187.0)

< 0.1

< 0.001

145.0(117.2,191.0)

142.0(116.0,188.0)

< 0.1

0.058

Sodium (mmol/L)

137.0(134.0,140.0)

137.0(135.0,140.0)

< 0.1

0.006

137.0(134.0,140.0)

137.0(135.0,140.0)

< 0.1

0.338

Potassium (mmol/L)

4.4 (4.1, 4.9)

4.5 (4.2, 5.0)

< 0.1

< 0.001

4.5 (4.1, 5.0)

4.5 (4.2, 5.0)

< 0.1

0.056

PTT (s)

32.6 (28.1, 43.9)

35.8 (30.1, 50.1)

0.162

< 0.001

33.6 (28.8, 47.1)

35.3 (29.9, 48.6)

< 0.1

< 0.001

Ph

7.4 (7.4, 7.5)

7.4 (7.4, 7.5)

< 0.1

< 0.001

7.4 (7.4, 7.5)

7.4 (7.4, 7.5)

< 0.1

0.377

po2 (mmHg)

77.0(47.0,112.7)

77.0(46.0,108.0)

< 0.1

0.036

76.6(46.0,110.0)

79.0(47.0,110.0)

< 0.1

0.215

pco2 (mmHg)

46.0(40.0, 54.0)

47.0(41.0, 54.0)

< 0.1

< 0.001

46.8 (40.0, 54.0)

47.0 (41.0, 54.0)

< 0.1

0.044

Scoring system

SOFA score

6.0 (4.0, 8.0)

6.0 (4.0, 9.0)

0.102

< 0.001

6.0 (4.0, 9.0)

6.0 (4.0, 9.0)

< 0.1

0.807

APS III

49.0(35.0, 68.0)

52.0(38.0, 72.0)

0.118

< 0.001

51.0 (37.0, 71.0)

51.0 (37.0, 71.8)

< 0.1

0.677