Table 2 Hemodynamic changes during the observation period among the patient groups
|  | Middle age (45–64 years) n = 25 | Early elderly (65–74 years) n = 25 | Late elderly (≥ 75 years) n = 25 | p values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
MAP, mmHg | Â | Â | Â | Â |
    Before anesthesia induction (baseline) | 107.4 (14.5) | 108.6 (9.5) | 106.1 (12.6) | 0.773 |
    At the time of hypotension | 70.6 (10.6) | 67.3 (9.5) | 68.5 (7.2) | 0.446 |
    At 5 min after ephedrine administration | 78.0 (13.5) | 77.5 (15.0) | 76.1 (12.3) | 0.880 |
    Change after ephedrine administration | 7.3 (9.4) | 10.1 (11.0) | 7.6 (11.0) | 0.581 |
CO (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
    Before anesthesia induction (baseline) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 1 |
    At the time of hypotension | 74.5 (16.0) | 76.3 (15.2) | 74.1 (13.8) | 0.860 |
    At 5 min after ephedrine administration | 79.5 (15.6) | 83.3 (15.6) | 84.4 (14.2) | 0.483 |
    Change after ephedrine administration | 5.0 (9.2) | 7.0 (11.1) | 10.3 (8.0) | 0.140 |