Table 2 The characteristics of included systematic reviews. This table describes the characteristics of each study that is included in this overview. The author, year of publication, country, number of primary studies, number of participants, search period, intervention, primary outcome measures and quality evaluation method of each review are all stated
Authors | Year | Country | Included study design | No. of studies (total no. of participants) | Search period | Intervention | Primary outcome measures | Quality evaluation method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albrecht et al. [27] | 2019 | Switzerland | RCTs | 27 (1,630) | Up to 30 June 2019 | High-dose vs low-dose intraoperative opioids | Pain score at rest at 24 postoperative hours | GRADE |
Arwi & Schug [23] | 2020 | Australia | NRSIs | 28 (661,441) | Up to 1 December 2018 | Opioids prescribed at discharge after inpatient care | The potential for harm of discharge opioids including excessive prescribing of discharge opioids, improper storage and disposal of opioids | Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale |
Baamer et al. [21] | 2022 | UK | RCTs and NRSIs | 31 (12,498) | Up to August 2020 | Unidimensional and functional assessment tools used for postoperative patients | Measurement error, cross-cultural validity, reliability, responsiveness, and hypothesis testing for construct validity | Modified version of the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale; and COSMIN criteria for methodological quality |
Bicket et al. [16] | 2017 | USA | RCTs and NRSIs | 6 (810) | Up to 20 July 2016 | Opioids prescribed for acute postoperative pain | The number of patients reporting any unused opioids | Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale |
Feinberg et al. [24] | 2018 | Canada | NRSIs | 11 (3,562) | Up to 17 December 2016 | Opioids prescribed for acute postoperative pain | The quantity of opioid medication used post-discharge | None |
Horn et al. [17] | 2020 | USA | RCTs and NRSIs | 43 (Not reported) | Not reported | Preoperative psychoeducational methods | The quality of preoperative psychoeducation and its effects on the outcome of surgery | Oxford levels of evidence |
Lamplot et al. [18] | 2021 | USA | RCTs and NRSIs | 16 (3,077) | Up to 2 October 2019 | Opioids prescribed for acute postoperative pain | Rates of disposal of unused opioids and the reported disposal mechanisms for unused opioids | SIGN checklists for cohort studies and RCTs |
Lawal et al. [19] | 2020 | USA | NRSIs | 33 (1,922,743) | Up to 30 June 2019 | Postoperative opioid use | Risk factors associated with prolonged opioid use after surgery | Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale |
Martinez et al. [25] | 2017 | France | RCTs | 135 (13,287) | Up to August 2015 | Non-opioid analgesics and tramadol prescribed for acute postoperative pain | Morphine consumption, pain, incidence of nausea, vomiting at 24Â h and severe adverse effects | Cochrane Risk of Bias tool |
Powell et al. [22] | 2016 | UK | RCTs | 105 (10,302) | Up to May 2014 | Psychological preparation in adults undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthetic | Postoperative outcomes including pain, behavioural recovery, length of stay and negative affect | Cochrane Risk of Bias tool |
Sobol-Kwapinska et al. [26] | 2016 | Poland | Not reported | 53 (10,749) | January 1960 – 30 November 2015 | Preoperative psychological factors | Acute postoperative pain and analgesic consumption | Quality in Prognostic Studies tool |
Wetzel et al. [20] | 2018 | USA | RCTs and NRIs | 8 (2,272) | January 2000 – March 2018 | Behavioural intervention associated with postoperative prescribing | Postoperative opioid prescribing | Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies |