Table 2 Summary of data and conclusions from eligible studies
Studies | Design | placebo | Trial medication | Plasma concentration | Test battery | Drop out | conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mitchell et al. 1999 | RCT | 5% dextrose | Began at the induction, 1 mg/kg bolus over 5 min, 240 mg for the first hour, 120 mg for the second hour, 60 mg/h for 46 h | 6–12 (µmol/L) | 6 tests with 11 subscales | 9 (14.06%) patients lost after randomization, 4 (12.5%) in lidocaine and 5 (15.63) in placebo | No difference |
Wang et al. 2002 | RCT | Saline | 1.5 mg/kg bolus over 5 min at the opening of pericardium, 4 mg/min till the end of surgery; 4 mg/kg to the priming solution of CPB | 5.52 ± 1.18 (µg/ml) | 7 tests with 9 subscales | 30 patients (25.42%) lost, 16 (26.23%) in placebo, and 14 (24.56%) in lidocaine | Decline |
Mathew et al. 2009 | RCT | Saline | 1 mg/kg bolus, 4 mg/min for first hour, 2 mg/min for second hour, 1 mg/min for 46 h | 2.45 ± 0.93(mg/mL) | 5 tests | 105 (37.91%) patients lost after randomization, 50 (34.72%) in placebo and 55 (41.35%) in lidocaine | No difference |
Mitchell et al. 2009 | RCT | Saline | 1 mg/kg bolus over 5 min at induction, 2 mg/min for 2 h, 1 mg/min for 12 h. | 6–12 (µmol/L) | 7 tests and self-rating | 51 (32.28%) patients lost, 24 (31.17%) in placebo and 27 (33.33%) in lidocaine | No difference |
Peng et al. 2016 | RCT | Saline | 1.5Â mg/kg bolus after induction, 2Â mg/kg/h till the end of surgery | NA | MMSE, IMCT | 14 patients (14.89%) lost, 6 (13.04%) in lidocaine and 8 (16.67%) in placebo | No difference |
Chen et al. 2015 | RCT | Saline | 1Â mg/kg bolus over 5Â min after induction, 1.5Â mg/h till the end of surgery | NA | MMSE | No patients lost after randomization | Improve cognition |
Klinger et al. 2019 | RCT | Saline | 1 mg/kg bolus after induction, 48 µg/kg/min for the first hour, 24 µg/kg/min for the second hour, 10 µg/kg/min for 46 h | Less than 5 µg/ml | 5 tests | 101 (21.13%) patients lost, 45 (18.99%) in placebo and 56 (23.24%) in lidocaine | No difference |
Hashemi et al. 2013 | RCT | Saline | 1.5Â mg/kg before extubation | NA | MMSE | No patients lost after randomization | No difference |
Zhu et al. 2015 | RCT | Saline | 0.5Â mg/kg bolus after induction, 0.5Â mg/kg/h till to the end of surgery | NA | 5 tests | No patients lost after randomization | Decline |
Wang et al. 2004 | RCT | Saline | 1.5 mg/kg bolus at opening the pericardium, 4 mg/min till the end of surgery; 4 mg/kg to the priming solution of CPB | 5.54 ± 1.23 (µg/ml) | 9 tests | 30 (25.42%) patients lost, 16 (26.23%) in placebo and 14 (24.56%) in lidocaine | Decline |