Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the training cohort

Demographics and comorbidities

 Age, years

60.3 (47.3–68.8)

59.9 (47.7–69.5)

0.001

0.843

 Male gender, n (%)

145 (61.2%)

284 (58%)

0.046

0.422

 Weight, kg

83.5 (70.0-96.8)

81.5 (70.0-100.0)

0.002

0.862

 Hypertension, n (%)

124 (52.3%)

276 (56.3%)

0.057

0.340

 Diabetes, n (%)

70 (29.5%)

107 (21.8%)

0.124

0.033

 Chronic kidney disease, n (%)

20 (8.4%)

56 (11.4%)

0.071

0.246

Infection site, n (%)

0.136

 Lung

74 (31.2%)

181 (36.9%)

 Gastrointestinal tract

12 (5.1%)

26 (5.3%)

 Urinary

33 (13.9%)

122 (24.9%)

 Skin and soft tissue

7 (3%)

29 (5.9%)

APACHE II score ^a

28.0 (21.0–33.0)

23.0 (17.0–28.0)

0.068

< 0.001

SOFA score ^a

11.0 (7–14.0)

7.0 (5.0-10.3)

0.160

< 0.001

Organ failures ^b

 Mechanical ventilation, n (%)

183 (77.2%)

279 (56.9%)

0.312

< 0.001

 CRRT, n (%)

17 (7.2%)

11 (2.2%)

0.166

0.003

 Vasoactive support, n (%)

193 (81.4%)

240 (49.0%)

0.512

< 0.001

  Maximal dose of norepinephrine (µg/kg/min)

3.6 (0.0–8.0)

0.0 (0.0-2.3)

0.190

< 0.001

  Maximal dose of epinephrine (µg/kg/min)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.162

< 0.001

Laboratory tests ^b

 Troponin T (ng/ml)

0.08 (0.03–0.28)

0.06 (0.03–0.14)

0.142

0.010

 WBC (k/ul)

12.6 (8.5–17.4)

13.3 (8.6–18.4)

0.008

0.389

 Hemoglobin (g/dl)

11.6 (9.7–13.9)

11.2 (9.5–13.3)

0.023

0.383

 Platelet (k/uL)

147.0 (92.0-218.0)

164.0 (101.0-226.3)

0.001

0.189

 Creatinine (mg/dl)

1.5 (1.0-3.3)

1.3 (0.9–2.4)

0.046

0.092

Clinical outcomes

 Length of ICU stay (days)

3.8 (2.2–7.9)

4.1 (2.4–9.7)

0.035

0.085

 Length of hospital stay (days)

4.9 (1.9–11.6)

11.9 (6.8–21.2)

0.047

< 0.001