Table 1 Characteristics of participants

Gender (male/female)

0/44

18/190

2.900

0.089

Age (year),(mean ± SD)

70.20 ± 5.201

69.21 ± 3.776

-1.201

0.235

BMI(mean ± SD,Kg/m²)

25.02 ± 3.099

25.45 ± 3.10

0.911

0.363

Education (M,(Q₂₅,Q₇₅))

9(6,12)

9(9,12)

2.197

0.029

ASA grade, (N(%))

-0.150

0.881

 I

10(22.7%)

57(27.4%)

 II

34(77.3%)

151(72.6%)

NRS, (M,(Q₂₅,Q₇₅))

3(2,3)

2(2,3)

-1.050

0.295

MMSE, (M,(Q₂₅,Q₇₅))

27.5(26,29)

29(27,30)

2.838

0.005

MDAS, (M,(Q₂₅,Q₇₅))

13(11,15.75)

3(0,5)

-25.169

0.000

Cigarette use, yes (%)

No(%)^a

28(63.6%)

16(36.4%)

129(62%)

79(38%)

0.040

0.841

Hypertension, yes (%)

No(%)^a

19(43.2%)

25(56.8)

61(29.3%)

147(70.7%)

3.217

0.073

Diabetes mellitus, yes (%)

No(%)^a

3(6.8%)

41(93.2%)

19(9.1%)

189(90.9%)

0.040

0.841

CHD, yes (%)

No(%)^a

3(6.8%)

41(93.2%)

27(13%)

181(87%)

1.315

0.251

type of surgery (Knee arthroplasty/Hip arthroplasty)

33/11

155/53

1.000

0.943

Surgery time(M,(Q₂₅,Q₇₅))

1.50(1.03,1.80)

1.40(1.10,1.70)

0.758

0.082

Anesthesia time(M,(Q₂₅,Q₇₅))

1.95(1.50,2.30)

1.90(1.50,2.18)

0.371

0.064

mean daily alcohol intake(N,(%))

-8.321

0.000

 < 12 g

74(35.6%)

 12 ~ 23 g

3(6.8%)

61(29.3%)

 > 24 g

41(93.1%)

73(35.1%)