Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the included studies
Study (1st author year) | Country | Study type | Sample Size and Groups | RA | The diagnostic criteria for complications | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Single or continuous, type | Drug type, concentration and dose | |||||
Basques [7] 2015 | USA | Retrospective observational studies | 9842 GA 7253 RA 2589 | SA | Not mentioned | By ACS-NSQIP database |
Benjamin [8] 2021 | France | Retrospective observational studies | 129 GA 43 RA 86 | MNB 43 CSA 43 | MNB: ropivacaine, 0.33%, 0.2–0.25 ml/kg CSA: bupivacaine 0.5%, 1.5 ml | MI: be confirmed by the cardiologist in charge. Hypoxemia: defined by the need for oxygen |
Brox [9] 2016 | USA | Retrospective observational studies | 7316 GA 4257 RA 3059 | Single SA CEA/CSEA NB | Not mentioned | / |
Chu [10] 2015 | China | Retrospective observational studies | 104,088 GA 52044 RA 52044 | NA | Not mentioned | Using ICD-9-CM diagnosis |
Elisabetta [11] 2014 | USA | Retrospective observational studies | 68,493 GA 61554 RA 6939 | SA/EA | Not mentioned | / |
Fields [12] 2015 | USA | Retrospective observational studies | 6628 GA 4813 RA 1815 | SA | Not mentioned | According to ACS- NSQIP |
Heidari [13] 2011 | Iran | Randomized controlled studies | 387 GA 197 RA 190 | Single SA CEA | SA: Bupivacaine 0.5%, 3 ml CEA: Bupivacaine 0.5%, 25 ml | Be diagnosed by the consultant specialist |
Helwani [14] 2015 | USA | Retrospective observational studies | 10,498 GA 5396 RA 5102 | SA | Not mentioned | According to ACS- NSQIP |
Li [4] 2022 | China | Randomized controlled studies | 942 GA 471 RA 471 | Single SA EA CSA/CEA Single or continuousNB | Be at the discretion of the consultant anesthesiologist | According to ACS-NSQIP guidelines, Delirium: be based on Delirium Rating Scale-Revised-98 |
Linda [15] 2012 | USA | Retrospective observational studies | 308 GA 235 RA 73 | Single SA CSA/CEA CSEA NB | Not mentioned | By reviewing the discharge summaries from the hospital’s electronic records |
Neuman [16] 2012 | USA | Retrospective observational studies | 18,158 GA 12,904 RA 5,254 | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Using ICD-9-CM diagnosis |
Neuman [17] 2014 | USA | Retrospective observational studies | 56,729 GA 40825 RA 15904 | SA/EA | Not mentioned | / |
Neuman [5] 2021 | USA | Randomized controlled studies | 1262 GA 629 RA 633 | Single SA | Be determined by the clinical team | Delirium: on the basis of 3D-CAM |
Parker [18] 2015 | UK | Randomized controlled studies | 322 GA 164 RA 158 | SA | Be the choice of the anesthetist | Not mentioned |
Radcliff [19] 2008 | USA | Retrospective observational studies | 5683 GA 3353 RA 2330 | CEA SA | Not mentioned | Ascertained by the Veterans Health Administration National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data and ICD-9 |
Seitz [20] 2014 | Canada | Retrospective observational studies | 12,272 GA 6115 RA 6157 | SA | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
Shih [21] 2010 | China | Retrospective observational studies | 335 GA 167 RA 168 | Single SA | Bupivacaine 8-15 mg | Not mentioned |
Tung [22] 2016 | China | Retrospective observational studies | 17,189 GA 11153 RA 6036 | SA/EA | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
White [23] 2014 | UK | Retrospective observational studies | 39,331 GA 15666 RA 23665 | SA CSEA SA + NB | Not mentioned | / |
White [24] 2016 | UK | Retrospective observational studies | 2491 GA 985 RA 1506 | SA SA + NB | Not mentioned | Deterioration in cognition: abbreviated mental test score |
Wood [25] 2011 | UK | Retrospective observational studies | 1067 GA 489 RA 578 | SA | Bupivacaine 0.5% 1.5 ml | / |