Table 1 Characteristics of participants

Age (years old) (mean (SD))

66.76 (16.61)

66.92 (16.61)

66.37 (16.62)

0.527

65.14 (16.35)

68.14 (16.71)

 < 0.001

Man (n%)

1033 (59.99)

705 (58.46)

328 (63.57)

0.054

504 (63.56)

529 (56.94)

0.006

SBP (mmHg) (mean (SD))

113.43 (17.87)

112.62 (17.53)

115.31 (18.51)

0.004

116.93 (15.52)

110.44 (19.17)

 < 0.001

DBP (mmHg) (mean (SD))

62.20 (12.16)

61.75 (11.90)

63.24 (12.71)

0.019

63.48 (10.79)

61.10 (13.12)

 < 0.001

MBP (mmHg) (mean (SD))

76.69 (12.26)

76.21 (12.14)

77.82 (12.47)

0.012

78.77 (10.47)

74.92 (13.36)

 < 0.001

Heart rate (beats/minute) (mean (SD))

85.00 (18.43)

85.20 (18.45)

84.53 (18.37)

0.488

80.87 (16.36)

88.52 (19.35)

 < 0.001

Respiratory rate(beats/minute) (mean (SD))

20.92 (4.43)

20.93 (4.42)

20.90 (4.46)

0.885

19.80 (4.04)

21.87 (4.53)

 < 0.001

Temperature (°C) (mean (SD))

36.44 (1.16)

36.46 (1.15)

36.41 (1.19)

0.407

36.68 (0.90)

36.24 (1.31)

 < 0.001

^SPO2 ^{(%) (mean (SD))}

96.18 (5.20)

96.05 (5.60)

96.50 (4.10)

0.099

97.39 (2.19)

95.15 (6.61)

 < 0.001

Comorbidities, n (%)

 Hypertension (n, %)

661 (38.39)

458 (37.98)

203 (39.34)

0.632

316 (39.85)

345 (37.14)

0.270

 Myocardial infarction (n, %)

416 (24.16)

297 (24.63)

119 (23.06)

0.526

211 (26.61)

205 (22.07)

0.033

 Congestive heart failure (n, %)

396 (23.00)

280 (23.22)

116 (22.48)

0.787

204 (25.73)

192 (20.67)

0.015

 Diabetes mellitus (n, %)

263 (15.27)

186 (15.42)

77 (14.92)

0.848

109 (13.75)

154 (16.58)

0.119

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n, %)

129 (7.49)

92 (7.63)

37 (7.17)

0.817

70 (8.83)

59 (6.35)

0.064

Laboratory parameters

 Anion gap (mmol/L) (median (IQR))

16.50 (14.00–20.00)

16.50 (14.00, 20.00)

16.50 (13.88, 19.50)

0.541

15.00 (13.50, 18.00)

17.50 (15.00, 22.00)

 < 0.001

 BUN (mg/dL) (median (IQR))

25.00 (17.00–41.00)

25.00 (17.00, 40.50)

25.00 (17.00, 42.62)

0.695

21.50 (15.00, 34.50)

29.00 (19.00, 46.00)

 < 0.001

 Bicarbonate (mmol/L) (median (IQR))

21.50 (18.00–24.50)

21.00 (18.00, 24.50)

21.50 (18.00, 25.00)

0.099

23.00 (20.00, 25.00)

19.50 (16.50, 23.00)

 < 0.001

 Creatinine (mg/dL) (median (IQR))

1.35 (0.90–2.20)

1.35 (0.90, 2.19)

1.35 (0.90, 2.16)

0.966

1.15 (0.85, 1.80)

1.50 (1.00, 2.45)

 < 0.001

 Chloride(mmol/L) (median (IQR))

104.0 (99.50–107.50)

104.00 (100.00, 107.50)

103.59 (99.50, 107.50)

0.388

104.00 (100.00, 107.00)

104.00 (99.50, 108.00)

0.158

 Glucose (mg/dL) (median (IQR))

161.00 (125.50–214.00)

161.00 (126.00, 215.50)

161.00 (124.50, 211.12)

0.655

148.00 (120.50, 191.50)

170.50 (133.50, 234.00)

 < 0.001

 Hematocrit (%)

33.49 (6.98)

33.49 (7.10)

33.51 (6.71)

0.950

34.00 (6.57)

33.06 (7.29)

0.006

 Hemoglobin (g/dL) (mean (SD))

10.89 (2.38)

.90 (2.40)

10.87 (2.33)

0.817

11.18 (2.28)

10.64 (2.44)

 < 0.001

 INR (median (IQR))

1.33 (1.15–1.75)

1.33 (1.15, 1.75)

1.33 (1.15, 1.80)

0.814

1.25 (1.10, 1.45)

1.45 (1.20, 2.10)

 < 0.001

 PT(s) (median (IQR))

14.70 (12.80–19.10)

14.70. (12.80, 18.95)

14.70 (12.75, 19.23)

0.868

13.70 (12.25, 16.20)

15.70 (13.55, 22.50)

 < 0.001

 Lactate (mmol/L) (median (IQR))

3.30 (1.80–5.60)

3.26 (1.80, 5.60)

3.30 (1.80, 5.56)

0.999

2.46 (1.60, 4.30)

4.18 (2.20, 6.70)

 < 0.001

 Platelet (109 /L) (median (IQR))

193 (142.00–257.50)

189.75 (140.00, 255.12)

199.00 (146.38, 268.50)

0.104

196.50 (151.50, 257.00)

189.00 (129.00, 258.50)

0.007

 pH (median (IQR))

7.32 (7.24–7.39)

7.32 (7.24, 7.39)

7.34 (7.24, 7.39)

0.210

7.35 (7.28, 7.40)

7.30 (7.21, 7.38)

 < 0.001

 Potassium (mmol/L) (mean (SD))

4.39 (0.73)

4.39 (0.73)

4.39 (0.74)

0.930

4.33 (0.64)

4.44 (0.80)

0.003

 Sodium (mmol/L) (mean (SD))

138.68 (5.29)

138.67 (5.24)

138.70 (5.39)

0.915

138.36 (4.47)

138.95 (5.88)

0.020

 Calcium (mmol/L) (mean (SD))

8.38 (1.13)

8.39 (1.17)

8.37 (1.02)

0.718

8.47 (0.85)

8.31 (1.32)

0.003

 WBC (109 /L) (median (IQR))

12.55 (9.05–17.05)

12.55 (9.15, 17.20)

12.53 (8.84, 16.70)

0.483

11.75 (8.75, 15.60)

13.20 (9.50, 18.20)

0.003

 Dopamine (n, %)

283 (15.97)

208 (17.25)

68 (13.18)

0.042

94 (11.85)

182 (19.59)

 < 0.001

 Epinephrine (n, %)

359 (20.26)

242 (20.07)

100 (19.38)

0.794

103 (12.99)

239 (25.73)

 < 0.001

 Ventilation (n, %)

1526 (88.61)

1068 (88.56)

458 (88.76)

0.969

710 (89.53)

816 (87.84)

0.303

Scoring systems

 SOFA (mean (SD))

8.65 (4.53)

8.85 (4.52)

8.40 (4.58)

0.056

7.34 (4.47)

9.89 (4.26)

 < 0.001

 SAPS III (mean (SD))

70.57 (30.63)

70.94 (30.74)

70.82 (30.85)

0.937

59.06 (28.58)

81.02 (28.91)

 < 0.001

 GCS (mean (SD))

14.00 (2.78)

14.04 (2.72)

13.92 (2.91)

0.429

14.56 (1.31)

13.53 (3.51)

 < 0.001

 In-hospital death (n, %)

929 (53.95)

673 (55.80)

256 (49.61)

0.021