Table 1 Comparisons of baseline characteristics in all cohorts
Covariates | Original cohort | Validation cohort | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low PAR | High PAR | P | Low PAR | High PAR | p | |
N | 3533 | 1791 | - | 1489 | 833 | - |
Age, years | 65.2 (15.9) | 65.2 (16.0) | 0.992 | 65.0 (15.5) | 64.5 (14.9) | 0.516 |
Gender, male, n (%) | 2243 (63.5) | 933 (52.1) | < 0.001 | 842 (56.5) | 403 (48.4) | < 0.001 |
Weight, kg | 27.8 (7.9) | 28.0 (8.8) | 0.688 | 30.4 (8.4) | 28.6 (8.2) | 0.318 |
Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.167 | 0.579 | ||||
White | 2250 (63.7) | 1186(66.2) | 1182 (79.4) | 671 (80.6) | ||
Black | 481 (13.6) | 234 (13.1) | 170 (11.4) | 96 (11.5) | ||
Other | 802 (22.7) | 371 (20.7) | 25 (16.2) | 19 (29.2) | ||
Interventions, n (%) | ||||||
MV use | 2251 (63.7) | 1130(63.1) | 0.679 | 839 (56.3) | 497 (59.7) | 0.132 |
RRT use | 386 (10.9) | 216 (12.1) | 0.234 | 119 (8.0) | 81 (9.7) | 0.177 |
Drugs usage, n (%) | ||||||
ACEI/ARB | 1028 (29.1) | 532 (29.7) | 0.669 | 392 (26.3) | 214 (25.7) | 0.775 |
βblockers | 2454 (69.5) | 1278 (71.4) | 0.162 | 916 (61.5) | 506 (60.7) | 0.747 |
CCB | 882 (25.0) | 431 (24.1) | 0.493 | 324 (21.8) | 188 (22.6) | 0.690 |
Diuretic | 2730 (77.3) | 1368 (76.4) | 0.488 | 1087 (73.0) | 594 (71.3) | 0.408 |
Statin | 1527 (43.2) | 770 (43.0) | 0.897 | 606 (40.7) | 340 (40.8) | 0.991 |
Aspirin | 1779 (50.4) | 940 (52.5) | 0.150 | 695 (46.7) | 396 (47.5) | 0.721 |
PPI | 2292 (64.9) | 1230 (68.7) | 0.006 | 758 (50.9) | 429 (51.5) | 0.817 |
Score system, points | ||||||
SOFA | 3.9 (1.1) | 4.5 (1.6) | < 0.001 | 6.1 (3.6) | 8.1 (3.1) | < 0.001 |
OASIS | 38.4 (9.6) | 38.2 (9.5) | 0.435 | 29.8 (10.7) | 30.4 (10.6) | 0.141 |
APSIII | 68.7 (27.6) | 67.7 (26.7) | 0.192 | 65.7 (25.1) | 67.1 (25.2) | 0.206 |
Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
Hypertension | 1173 (33.2) | 636 (35.5) | 0.099 | 841 (56.5) | 484 (58.1) | 0.475 |
Diabetes | 1220 (34.5) | 662 (37.0) | 0.085 | 554 (37.2) | 343 (41.2) | 0.066 |
CKD | 1122 (31.8) | 601 (33.6) | 0.195 | 363 (24.4) | 194 (23.3) | 0.590 |
Myocardial infarct | 670 (19.0) | 386 (21.6) | 0.028 | 149 (10.0) | 65 (7.8) | 0.092 |
CHF | 1269 (35.9) | 682 (38.1) | 0.130 | 302 (20.3) | 153 (18.4) | 0.289 |
COPD | 240 (6.8) | 137 (7.6) | 0.274 | 243 (16.3) | 146 (17.5) | 0.491 |
Liver disease | 948 (26.8) | 280 (15.6) | < 0.001 | 90 (6.0) | 22 (2.6) | < 0.001 |
CCI, points | 6.4 (2.8) | 6.5 (3.2) | 0.486 | 4.5 (1.8) | 4.2 (1.6) | 0.080 |
Vital signs | ||||||
MAP, mmHg | 106.8 (30.3) | 107.7 (31.1) | 0.333 | 85.6 (25.0) | 86.2 (24.0) | 0.565 |
Heart rate, bpm | 106.6 (21.8) | 111.2 (24.1) | < 0.001 | 106.5 (29.1) | 110.5 (27.2) | 0.001 |
RR, bpm | 28.8 (6.8) | 29.7 (7.0) | < 0.001 | 25.6 (9.1) | 26.1 (9.3) | 0.205 |
Laboratory results | ||||||
WBC, × 109/L | 15.4 (5.7) | 18.6 (6.9) | < 0.001 | 13.8 (5.4) | 17.3 (8.3) | < 0.001 |
HGB, g/dL | 9.6 (2.3) | 9.4 (2.1) | 0.001 | 10.9 (2.3) | 10.5 (2.1) | < 0.001 |
PLT, × 109/L | 164.5 (67.6) | 331.0(94.8) | < 0.001 | 150.0 (64.4) | 311.9 (109.6) | < 0.001 |
HCT, % | 34.6 (7.6) | 34.5 (6.6) | 0.819 | 33.0 (6.8) | 32.3 (6.1) | 0.010 |
Albumin, g/dL | 3.9 (0.9) | 3.0 (1.0) | < 0.001 | 3.5 (0.8) | 2.9 (0.8) | < 0.001 |
PAR | 4.3 (1.6) | 12.0 (5.1) | < 0.001 | 54.3 (1.7) | 11.4 (5.0) | < 0.001 |
Bilirubin, mmol/L | 3.3 (1.9) | 2.2 (1.4) | < 0.001 | 1.7 (0.9) | 1.1 (0.7) | < 0.001 |
Anion gap, mEq/L | 18.3 (5.4) | 18.7 (5.8) | < 0.001 | 13.2 (5.9) | 13.4 (6.2) | 0.393 |
Bicarbonate, mEq/L | 23.6 (4.6) | 23.7 (4.7) | 0.683 | 22.8 (5.9) | 23.6 (6.4) | 0.003 |
BUN, mg/dL | 38.8 (7.5) | 39.1 (10.3) | 0.742 | 38.6 (8.1) | 38.4 (10.7) | 0.002 |
Glucose, mg/dL | 186.9 (77.8) | 202.1(95.0) | < 0.001 | 166.9 (80.0) | 183.9 (86.9) | 0.004 |
Lactate, mmol/L | 3.5 (1.5) | 3.5 (1.8) | 0.473 | 2.9 (0.9) | 2.5 (0.8) | < 0.001 |
Potassium, mmol/L | 4.8 (0.9) | 4.9 (1.0) | < 0.001 | 4.2 (0.7) | 4.2 (0.7) | 0.670 |
Sodium, mmol/L | 139.8 (5.7) | 139.6 (5.7) | 0.263 | 137.6 (5.7) | 137.4 (5.5) | 0.247 |
Calcium, mg/dL | 8.6 (1.7) | 8.6 (1.1) | 0.290 | 8.5 (1.1) | 8.6 (1.1) | 0.123 |
Chloride, mmol/L | 105.8 (7.3) | 105.6 (7.4) | 0.252 | 101.4 (7.8) | 100.3 (7.7) | 0.002 |
PT, s | 19.9 (5.4) | 19.0 (6.8) | 0.024 | 18.9 (8.4) | 18.1 (7.0) | 0.019 |
APTT, s | 50.7 (13.2) | 50.0 (14.6) | 0.497 | 38.0 (10.5) | 38.0 (10.9) | 0.992 |
INR | 1.9 (0.7) | 1.8 (0.8) | 0.010 | 1.7 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.7) | 0.009 |
AKI stage, n (%) | 0.002 | 0.085 | ||||
Stage I | 2760 (78.1) | 1322 (73.8) | 1205 (80.9) | 649 (77.9) | ||
Stage II | 410 (11.6) | 253 (14.1) | 97 (6.5) | 61 (7.3) | ||
Stage III | 363 (10.3) | 216 (12.1) | 187 (12.6) | 123 (14.8) | ||
Clinical outcome | ||||||
pAKI, n (%) | 753 (21.3) | 787 (43.9) | < 0.001 | 300 (20.1) | 301 (36.1) | < 0.001 |