Table 1 Characteristics of included RCTs
Examination performed | Participants | Sequence of propofol and esketamine | Experimental groups | Control groups | Outcome indicators |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Painless abortion [24] | 178 woman patients aged 18–45 years | Esketamine injected first | EL group (propofol + 0.2 mg/kg esketamine, n = 45), EM group (propofol + 0.25 mg/kg esketamine, n = 44), EH group (propofol + 0.3 mg/kg esketamine, n = 44) | GF group (propofol + 1ug/kg fentanyl, n = 45) | HR, MAP, hypotension, hypoxemia or apnea, nausea and vomiting, intraoperative body movements, neuropsychiatric symptoms, total incidence of adverse reactions |
ERCP [25] | 162 patients aged 18 years and above | Propofol injected first | Propofol + 0.15 mg/kg esketamine, n = 83 | Propofol + 2ug/kg alfentanil,n = 79 | Propofol dosage, hypotension, bradycardia, hypoxemia or apena, total incidence of adverse reactions |
Painless gastroscopy [26] | 105 patients aged 18–80 years | Esketamine injected first | Group A (propofol + 0.3 mg/kg esketamine, n = 35), | Group C (propofol + saline, n = 35) | HR, MAP, propofol dosage, wake-up time, postoperative VAS score, injection pain, hypotension, bradycardia, hypoxemia or apnea, nausea and vomiting, agitation during the awakening period, total incidence of adverse reactions |
Painless gastroscopy [4] | 83 patients aged 18–64 years | Esketamine injected first | Propofol + 0.3 mg/kg esketamine, n = 42 | Propofol + 0.05 mg/kg dezocine, n = 41 | HR, MAP, propofol dosage, injection pain,hypotension, bradycardia, hypoxemia or apnea, nausea and vomiting, agitation during the awakening period, total incidence of adverse reactions |
Painless gastroenteroscopy [27] | 260 patients aged 18–60 years | Esketamine injected first | PK1 group (propofol + 0.05 mg/kg esketamine, n = 65), PK2 group (propofol + 0.1 mg/kg esketamine, n = 65), PK3 group (propofol + 0.2 mg/kg esketamine, n = 65) | Propofol + saline, n = 65 | HR, SBP, DBP, propofol dosage, injection pain, hypotension, hypoxemia or apnea, intraoperative cough, intraoperative body movements, headache or dizziness, total incidence of adverse reactions |
Painless gastroenteroscopy [28] | 102 patients aged 20–69 years | Esketamine injected first | Propofol + 0.25 mg/kg esketamine, n = 51 | Only propofol, n = 51 | HR, SBP, DBP, wake-up time, hypotension, hypoxemia or apnea, intraoperative cough, headache or dizziness, neuropsychiatric symptoms, total incidence of adverse reactions |
Painless abortion [29] | 159 woman patients aged 18 years and above | Esketamine injected first | Propofol + 0.25 mg/kg esketamine, n = 80 | Propofol + 0.1ug/kg sufentanil, n = 79 | propofol dosage, wake-up time, postoperative VAS score |
minimally invasive surgery of benign breast tumors [30] | 60 woman patients aged 20–60 years | Unknown | Propofol + 0.4 mg/kg esketamine, n = 30 | Propofol + 2ug/kg remifentanil, n = 30 | wake-up time, bradycardia, intraoperative cough, nausea and vomiting, headache or dizziness, total incidence of adverse reactions |
Painless gastroenteroscopy [31] | 60 patients aged 18–65 years | Esketamine injected first | Propofol + 0.2 mg/kg esketamine, n = 30 | Propofol + saline, n = 30 | HR, MAP, propofol dosage, wake-up time, hypotension, bradycardia, hypoxemia or apnea, intraoperative body movements, total incidence of adverse reactions |
Painless gastroenteroscopy [32] | 102 patients aged 18 years and above | Esketamine injected first | Group A (propofol + 0.2 mg/kg esketamine, n = 34), | Group C (propofol + 0.5ug/kg remifentanil, n = 34) | HR, SBP, DBP, hypoxemia or apnea, nausea and vomiting, intraoperative body movements, total incidence of adverse reactions |
Painless gastroenteroscopy [33] | 120 patients aged 65–85 years | Esketamine injected first | Group C (propofol + 0.25 mg/kg esketamine, n = 40) | Group A (propofol + 0.08 mg/kg dezocine, n = 40), Group B (propofol + 0.08ug/kg sufentanil, n = 40) | HR, MAP, hypotension, hypoxemia or apnea, intraoperative body movements, total incidence of adverse reactions |
Painless bronchoscopy [34] | 94 patients aged 20–75 years | Esketamine injected first | Propofol + 0.1 mg/kg esketamine, n = 47 | Propofol + 0.4ug/kg sufentanil, n = 47 | HR, SBP, DBP, hypoxemia or apnea, intraoperative cough, nausea and vomiting, total incidence of adverse reactions |
Painless gastroenteroscopy [35] | 100 patients aged 18–74 years | Esketamine injected first | Propofol + 0.25 mg/kg esketamine, n = 50 | Only propofol, n = 50 | HR, SBP, DBP, wake-up time, postoperative VAS score, injection pain, hypoxemia or apnea, intraoperative cough, intraoperative body movements, headache or dizziness, total incidence of adverse reactions |
Painless abortion [36] | 90 woman patients aged 20–35 years | Esketamine injected first | Group one (propofol + 0.25 mg/kg esketamine, n = 30) | Group two (propofol + 0.1 mg/kg dezocine, n = 30), Group three (only propofol, n = 30) | HR, MAP, wake-up time, injection pain, nausea and vomiting, intraoperative body movements, headache or dizziness, neuropsychiatric symptoms, total incidence of adverse reactions |