Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with cardiogenic shock

Age (years), median (IQR)

72.6 (62.1, 81.2)

69.3 (60.1, 79.0)

0 (0)

0.015

72.4 (61.6, 79.7)

69.7 (61.0, 79.6)

0.168

Male, n (%)

790 (61.8)

130 (52.0)

0.005

226 (53.8)

121 (53.1)

0.922

BMI (Kg/m²), median (IQR)

27.7 (24.3, 32.1)

27.2 (23.8, 31.7)

176 (11.5)

0.399

27.4 (23.9, 31.6)

27.1 (23.8, 31.4)

0.783

ICU scoring systems

 Charlson comorbidity index, mean ± SD

6.9 ± 2.6

7.3 ± 2.8

0 (0)

0.015

7.3 ± 2.8

7.3 ± 2.7

0.985

 SOFA, median (IQR)

3 (1, 5)

3 (1, 5)

0 (0)

0.513

3 (1, 5)

3 (1, 4)

0.716

 OASIS, mean ± SD

36.8 ± 10.0

39.4 ± 10.0

0 (0)

< 0.001

39.1 ± 9.8

38.9 ± 10.0

0.831

 APS III, mean ± SD

62.3 ± 27.2

72.1 ± 27.4

0 (0)

< 0.001

69.9 ± 30.5

70.2 ± 26.9

0.798

 LODS, median (IQR)

7 (4, 10)

8 (6, 11)

0 (0)

< 0.001

8 (5, 11)

8 (6, 11)

0.899

Vital signs

 SBP (mmHg), mean ± SD

119.2 ± 22.0

111.5 ± 21.4

4 (0.3)

0.773

112.1 ± 22.5

110.8 ± 20.4

0.475

 DBP (mmHg), mean ± SD

65.9 ± 18.7

66.2 ± 18.6

4 (0.3)

0.830

65.0 ± 18.6

66.3 ± 18.9

0.374

 Heart rate (bpm), mean ± SD

90.6 ± 20.8

96.2 ± 23.1

0 (0)

< 0.001

93.8 ± 22.2

95.5 ± 22.8

0.344

Comorbidities

 Hypertension, n (%)

372 (29.1)

69 (27.6)

0.686

109 (26.0)

67 (29.4)

0.398

 Diabetes, n (%)

477 (37.3)

85 (34.0)

0.355

141 (33.6)

75 (32.9)

0.930

 Dyslipidemia, n (%)

660 (51.6)

108 (43.2)

0.018

192 (45.7)

101 (44.3)

0.792

 CKD, n (%)

442 (34.6)

91 (36.4)

0.633

149 (35.5)

79 (34.6)

0.901

 Rheumatic disease, n (%)

28 (2.2)

19 (7.2)

< 0.001

19 (4.5)

11 (4.8)

 > 0.999

 Chronic pulmonary disease, n (%)

353 (27.6)

99 (39.6)

< 0.001

152 (36.2)

87 (38.2)

0.681

 Cardiac arrest, n (%)

150 (11.7)

43 (17.2)

0.023

69 (16.4)

40 (71.5)

0.801

 Septic shock, n (%)

193 (15.1)

78 (31.2)

< 0.001

107 (25.5)

63 (27.6)

0.616

 MI, n (%)

642 (50.2)

121 (48.4)

0.644

214 (51.0)

113 (49.6)

0.798

 ADHF, n (%)

774 (60.6)

129 (51.6)

0.010

221 (52.6)

121 (53.1)

0.978

Laboratory tests

 Lactate (mmol/L), median (IQR)

1.9 (1.3, 3.1)

2.4 (1.5, 4.1)

58 (3.8)

< 0.001

2.2 (1.5, 3.9)

2.4 (1.5, 4.0)

0.519

 WBC (× 10⁹/L), median (IQR)

11.6 (8.1, 16.0)

11.5 (7.5, 16.2)

2 (0.1)

0.373

11.7 (8.1, 16.7)

11.7 (7.8, 16.5)

0.602

 RBC (× 10¹²/L), mean ± SD

3.9 ± 0.8

3.8 ± 0.8

2 (0.1)

0.127

3.8 ± 0.8

3.8 ± 0.8

0.570

 Hemoglobin (g/L), mean ± SD

11.6 ± 2.4

11.4 ± 2.3

2 (0.1)

0.168

11.3 ± 2.3

11.4 ± 2.3

0.576

 Platelet (× 10⁹/L), median (IQR)

202 (154, 262)

189 (146, 257)

2 (0.1)

0.044

201 (154, 269)

192 (147, 261)

0.113

 ALT (IU/L), mean ± SD

39 (20, 118)

47 (22, 127)

97 (6.3)

0.148

43 (21, 124)

47 (23, 126)

0.652

 AST (IU/L), mean ± SD

62 (29, 221)

74 (31, 181)

102 (6.3)

0.851

76 (32, 238)

80 (33, 182)

0.513

 Albumin (g/dL), mean ± SD

3.2 ± 0.6

3.0 ± 0.6

325 (20.8)

< 0.001

3.1 ± 0.6

3.0 ± 0.6

0.611

 Creatinine (mg/dL), median (IQR)

1.4 (1.0, 2.0)

1.3 (1.0, 2.0)

1 (0.1)

0.945

1.4 (0.9, 2.0)

1.3 (1.0, 2.0)

0.975

 BUN (mg/dL), median (IQR)

28 (19, 46)

28 (19, 42)

1 (0.1)

0.535

27 (18, 46)

28 (19, 41)

0.968

 Bicarbonate (mmol/L), mean ± SD

22.0 ± 4.7

21.8 ± 5.4

1 (0.1)

0.527

21.6 ± 4.8

21.9 ± 5.4

0.487

 pH, mean ± SD

7.34 ± 0.1

7.31 ± 0.1

84 (5.5)

0.021

7.31 ± 0.2

7.31 ± 0.1

0.937

 BE (mmol/L), median (IQR)

-2 (-6, 0)

-4 (-8, 0)

84 (5.5)

< 0.001

-3 (-7, 0)

-4 (-8, 0)

0.360

 Glucose (mg/dL), median (IQR)

143 (112, 196)

156 (116, 216)

1 (0.1)

0.044

149 (115, 213)

157 (118, 218)

0.732

 Calcium (mg/dL), mean ± SD

8.5 ± 0.9

8.3 ± 1.0

2 (0.1)

0.003

8.3 ± 1.0

8.3 ± 1.0

0.930

 Magnesium (mg/dL), mean ± SD

2.1 ± 0.4

2.1 ± 0.6

1 (0.1)

0.204

2.1 ± 0.5

2.1 ± 0.6

0.499

 Chloride (mmol/L), mean ± SD

101.9 ± 6.7

102.1 ± 7.2

1 (0.1)

0.535

102.4 ± 6.5

102.2 ± 7.4

0.634

 Sodium (mmol/L), mean ± SD

137.6 ± 5.1

137.9 ± 5.6

1 (0.1)

0.320

137.9 ± 5.0

137.8 ± 5.7

0.866

 Potassium (mmol/L), mean ± SD

4.5 ± 0.9

4.5 ± 0.9

1 (0.1)

0.355

4.5 ± 0.9

4.5 ± 0.9

0.851

 INR, median (IQR)

1.3 (1.2, 1.8)

1.3 (1.2, 1.6)

9 (5.9)

0.744

1.3 (1.2, 1.7)

1.3 (1.2, 1.6)

0.571

 PTT (s), median (IQR)

35.4 (29.1, 55.0)

34.7 (28.3, 50.4)

8 (5.2)

0.163

34.5 (28.7, 52.3)

35.2 (28.6, 53.3)

0.989

Medications

 Antiplatelet, n (%)

1044 (81.7)

186 (74.4)

0.010

335 (79.8)

173 (75.9)

0.295

 Statins, n (%)

919 (71.9)

160 (64.0)

0.015

279 (66.4)

148 (64.9)

0.763

 Vasopressors, n (%)

949 (74.3)

211 (84.4)

0.001

346 (82.4)

190 (83.3)

0.844

 Inotropes, n (%)

487 (38.1)

77 (30.8)

0.034

139 (33.1)

75 (32.9)

> 0.999

Procedure events

 MCS, n (%)

93 (7.3)

27 (10.8)

0.078

55 (13.1)

25 (11.0)

0.508

 CRRT, n (%)

151 (11.8)

67 (26.8)

< 0.001

83 (19.8)

52 (22.8)

0.418

 Mechanical ventilation, n (%)

763 (59.7)

186 (74.4)

< 0.001

319 (76.0)

166 (72.8)

0.432

 Revascularization, n (%)

413 (32.3)

56 (22.4)

0.002

106 (25.2)

55 (24.1)

0.827

 90-day all-cause mortality, n (%)

455 (35.6)

145 (58.0)

< 0.001

191 (45.5)

130 (57.0)

0.005

 Infection, n (%)

244 (19.1)

76 (30.4)

< 0.001

106 (25.2)

68 (29.8)

0.208

 Hyperglycemia, n (%)

628 (49.1)

173 (69.2)

< 0.001

226 (53.8)

156 (68.4)

< 0.001