Fig. 1
KEMCT-evoked influences on isoflurane anesthesia-generated changes in blood glucose and R-βHB levels and recovery time. Blood glucose and R-βHB levels significantly increased after isoflurane-evoked anesthesia (7th water gavage + isoflurane anesthesia: 7thW and Isoflu; group 1) (A and B). KEMCT (mix of ketone ester/KE and medium chain triglyceride/MCT oil in a 1:1 ratio) treatment for 7 days abolished the isoflurane-generated increase in blood glucose level (7th KEMCT gavage + isoflurane anesthesia: 7thK and Isoflu; group 2) (C). After both 1st KEMCT treatment (1stK) alone (without anesthesia) and 7th KEMCT treatment combined with isoflurane anesthesia (7thK and Isoflu; group 2), blood R-βHB levels were increased (D). In KEMCT treated animals (7thK and Isoflu; group 2) the time required for recovery from isoflurane-evoked anesthesia significantly increased, compared to water gavaged and isoflurane-anesthetized animals (7thW and Isoflu; group 1) (E). Abbreviations: 7thK and Isoflu, 7th KEMCT gavage and isoflurane anesthesia; 7thW and Isoflu, 7.th water gavage and isoflurane anesthesia; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001