Table 4 Responses of the tested parameters to the nociceptive stimuli (including the standardized study protocol train-of-four and tetanic testing, and painful procedures of standard care) at different Richmond Agitation-Sedation score (RASS) levels (n samples), analysed with the Wilcoxon signed rank test with Bonferroni correction (corrected α = 0.0056). A statistically significant p value indicates a consistent change after the stimulus (either decrease or increase) and is marked with an asterisk (*)

Parameter

n = 141

n = 163

n = 98

n = 60

n = 63

Bispectral Index (BIS)

0.5547

 < 0.0001*

 < 0.0001*

0.9069

0.3944

Frontal electromyogram power (EMG)

 < 0.0001*

 < 0.0001*

 < 0.0001*

0.4866

0.3109

Responsiveness Index (RI)

0.4158

0.0339

 < 0.0001*

0.0779

0.0587

Systolic blood pressure

0.2339

0.0673

0.0258

0.4223

0.2725

Diastolic blood pressure

0.1248

0.0177

0.0016*

0.1532

0.0827

Blood pressure average real variability (ARV)

0.4278

0.0006*

 < 0.0001*

0.0059

0.0178

Surgical Pleth Index (SPI)

0.0696

0.0051*

0.9157

0.2226

0.5407

RR Interval (RRI)

0.9108

0.0001*

0.2602

0.3588

0.8214

Plethysmograph amplitude (PPGA)

0.0121

0.0906

0.8456

0.7000

0.1644