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Table 1 Time chart of anesthetic management

From: Opioid-free anesthesia compared to opioid anesthesia for laparoscopic radical colectomy with pain threshold index monitoring: a randomized controlled study

Group

Premedication

Pre-GA induction

GA Induction

GA Maintenance

GA Recovery

PCA (100 ml)

Group

OFA

BPVB

Ropivacaine (0.5%)

Dexmedetomidine (0.2 μg/kg)

15 ml per side

Dex (0.6 μg/kg, 10 min)

Dex (0.5 μg·kg−1·h−1, 30 min)

Dex (0.5 μg·kg−1·h−1)

Ketorolac

(30 mg)

Propofol (2 mg/kg)

Cisatracurium (0.2 mg/kg)

Dex a (0.5 μg·kg−1·h−1)

Sevoflurane b (1%-3%)

Cisatracurium (2–4 mg per 30 min)

Palonosetron

0.25 mg

Neostigmine (up to 2 mg)

Atropine (0.2–1 mg)

Dex (6 μg/kg)

Ketorolac (180 mg)

Group

OA

BPVB

Ropivacaine (0.5%)

15 ml per side

 

Sufentanil (0.5 μg/kg)

Propofol (2 mg/kg)

Cisatracurium (0.2 mg/kg)

Remifentanil b (200–500 μg/h)

Sevoflurane b (1%-3%)

Cisatracurium (2 -4 mg per 30 min)

Namefene [8, 9] (0.05 mg)

Palonosetron (0.25 mg)

Neostigmine (up to 2 mg)

Atropine (0.2–1 mg)

Dezocine (0.5 mg/kg)

Ketorolac (180 mg)

  1. GA General anesthesia, BPVB Bilateral paravertebral blockade, Dex Dexmedetomidine, PCA Patient control analgesia
  2. aInfusion was stopped 60 min before end of surgery
  3. bAt end of surgery, inhalation and infusion were terminated