Fig. 3
Ultrasound sequence to identify the relevant sonoanatomy at the target intervertebral level for the real-time thoracic epidural catheterization. A Paramedian sagittal sonogram at the level of the 8th intercostal space after counting up from the 12.th rib. Note the rounded ribs and the hypoechoeic pleura. B Paramedian sagittal sonogram at the level of the transverse process (TP). Note the pleural is less clearly visualized at the level of the transverse processes. C Paramedian sagittal sonogram at the level of the articular processes. Note the sonographic appearance of the articular processes varies from that of the ribs and transverse processes. D Paramedian sagittal oblique sonogram at the level of the laminae of the thoracic vertebra, Note the flattened appearance of the lamina. R; represents the rib, TP; transverse process, ESM; erector spinae muscle, * represents the interlaminar space