Table 1 Patient demographic and operative characteristics for the entire cohort and for those with Beck Depression Inventory data (n = 320). The patients are categorized as having depression based on a Beck Depression Inventory score > 13 before surgery. The p-value listed is for comparison of each variable between patients without and with depression at the time of surgery

Age (mean (SD))

70.42 (7.66)

70.62 (7.54)

68.74 (8.45)

0.113

0.235

Female (%)^a

129 (28.1)

71 (26.4)

18 (36.0)

0.172

0.208

Race (%)^a

0.283

0.445

  White

373 (81.3)

224 (83.3)

37 (74.0)

  African American

52 (11.3)

25 (9.3)

11 (22.0)

  Asian-Oriental

4 (0.9)

3 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

  Asian-Subcontinent

4 (0.9)

3 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

  Hispanic

5 (1.1)

3 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

  Multiple

2 (0.4)

1 0.4)

0 (0.0)

  Other

19 (4.1)

10 (3.7)

2 (4.0)

BMI > 30 (%)

192 (41.7)

106 (39.3)

20 (40.0)

0.999

0.015

Diabetes (%)^a

209 (46.1)

111 (41.3)

26 (54.2)

0.114

0.261

Hypertension (%)

420 (91.3)

240 (88.9)

49 (98.0)

0.064

0.375

Prior stroke (%)^a

44 (10.0)

20 (7.7)

9 (19.1)

0.025

0.342

Prior myocardial infarction (%)^a

139 (30.5)

75 (28.0)

15 (30.0)

0.864

0.044

Atrial fibrillation (%)^a

102 (22.4)

62 (23.0)

9 (18.0)

0.579

0.125

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (%)^a

52 (11.6)

28 (10.6)

11 (22.9)

0.030

0.333

Current tobacco use (%)^a

46 (10.2)

25 (9.3)

6 (12.5)

0.441

0.102

Years of attained education (median [IQR])

14.00 [12.00, 17.00]

15.00 [12.00, 17.00]

12.00 [12.00, 16.75]

0.027

0.403

Anti-depressant drug usage (%)

62 (13.4)

33 (12.2)

10 (20)

0.172

0.213

Surgical procedure (%)

0.545

0.495

  CABG

226 (49.1)

122 (45.2)

26 (52.0)

  CABG/AVR

61 (13.3)

36 (13.3)

9 (18.0)

  CABG/MVR

15 (3.3)

8 (3.0)

2 (4.0)

  CABG/AVR/MVR

89 (19.3)

55 (20.4)

11 (22.0)

  AVR

41 (8.9)

30 (11.1)

1 (2.0)

  MVR

6 (1.3)

5 (1.9)

0 (0.0)

  AVR/MVR

14 (3.0)

10 (3.7)

1 (2.0)

  Aortic root replacement

4 (0.9)

2 (0.7)

0 (0.0)

  CABG/Aortic Root Replacement

1 0.2)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

  TVR

3 (0.7)

2 (0.7)

0 (0.0)

Surgical Parameters

  Minutes of cardiopulmonary bypass (median [interquartile range])

104.0 [81.2, 140.7]

107.0 [82.0, 142.0]

103.0 [84.0, 132.0]

0.934

0.078

  Minutes of aortic cross-clamping (median [interquartile range])

71.0 [54.0, 93.5]

73.0 [56.0, 94.0]

72.5 [55.0, 94.7]

0.959

0.001

  Impaired cerebral autoregulation during cardiopulmonary bypass (%)

130 (28.7)

74 (27.9)

8 (16.7)

0.111

0.273

  MAP (mmHg) at the lower limit of autoregulation (median [interquartile range])

65.0 [60.0, 75.0]

70.0 [60.0, 75.0]

65.0 [60.0, 70.0]

0.797

0.070

  Area under the curve that MAP was ≤ the lower limit of cerebral autoregulation (median [interquartile range] mmHg x hr)¹

6.75 [2.41, 14.78]

7.45 [2.66, 16.20]

4.60 [1.66, 10.24]

0.059

0.379