Fig. 3

Simplified assessment of diastolic dysfunction by Lanspa et al. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):243. Three categories are established with suspected left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) based on mean e’ values and E/e’ ratio: i) e’ < 9 cm s^− 1 + E/e’ ≤ 8 = LVDD grade I and normal filling pressures, ii) e’ < 9 cm s^− 1 + E/e’ 8 to 14 = LVDD grade II and elevated filling pressures, and iii) e’ < 9 cm s^− 1 + E/e’ ≥ 14 = LVDD grade III and elevated filling pressures