The effects of fentanyl, oxycodone, and butorphanol on gastrointestinal function in patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy: a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial

Table 2 Analgesic outcome and postoperative side effects

	Group F (n = 39)	Group O (n = 36)	Group B (n = 37)	P-value
Postoperative VAS pain scores				0.517
4 h	1.5 (1–3)	2 (1–4)	2 (1.5–3)
12 h	2 (1–2.5)	2 (1–3)	2 (1.5–3)
24 h	2 (1–2.5)	2 (1–3)	2 (1–3)
48 h	0 (0–0.5)	0 (0–1)	0.5 (0–1)
Total opioid consumption (mg)				0.155
4 h	7.8 (7.2–8)	7.9(7.5–9.2)	7.5 (7.1–7.8)
12 h	30 (27.7–30)	31.3 (29.3–33)	30 (28.4–31)
24 h	45 (43–50)	47 (43.9–50)	45 (42.5–47)
48 h	90 (85.3–100)	92 (87.8–96)	90 (84–93)
Number of IV-PCA boluses (times)				0.167
4 h	0 (0–0)	0 (0–1)	0 (0–0)
12 h	0 (0–0)	0 (0–1)	0 (0–0)
24 h	0 (0–0)	0 (0–1)	0 (0–0)
48 h	0 (0–1)	0 (0–1)	0 (0–0)
Postoperative Ramsay scores				< 0.001
4 h	2 (2–2)	2 (2–2)	3 (2–4)
12 h	2 (2–3)	2 (2–2)	3 (2–4)
24 h	2 (2–2)	2 (2–2)	2 (2–3)
48 h	2 (2–2)	2 (2–2)	2 (2–3)
Postoperative side effects
Somnolence [n (%)]	1 (2.6)	0 (0)	10 (27)	< 0.001
Dizziness [n (%)]	0 (0)	2 (5.6)	5 (13.5)	0.03
Nausea [n (%)]	4 (10.3)	3 (8.3)	8 (21.6)	0.27
Vomiting [n (%)]	0 (0)	3 (8.3)	2 (5.4)	0.16
Bradycardia [n (%)]	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (2.7)	0.65

Table legends: Non-normal data are presented as median (range), which were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis H-test; repeated measurements were compared between groups using a general linear model including all time-points; categorical variables are presented as count (%), which were analyzed using the χ² test and Fisher’s exact test
Abbreviations: B butorphanol, F fentanyl; IV-PCA intravenous patient-controlled analgesia, O oxycodone, VAS visual analog scale

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