Table 1 Causes of ECAC [1, 3]
From: Expiratory central airway collapse during positive pressure ventilation: a case report
Congenital | |
• Tracheo-oesophageal fistula | |
• Oesophageal atresia | |
• Chromosomal defects | |
• Tetralogy of Fallot | |
• Genetic disorders | |
Acquired | |
• Compression by great vessels (Brachiocephalic, aorta, pulmonary artery) | |
• Bronchopulmonary dysplasia | |
• Pulmonary/mediastinal cysts | |
• Intrathoracic tumors | |
• Large/ectopic thymus | |
• Goitres | |
• Heart/lung transplant | |
• Liver failure/transplant | |
• Prolonged intubation | |
• Tracheostomy | |
• Emphysema | |
• Chronic bronchitis/Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | |
• Relapsing polychondritis | |
• Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis |