Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of the Study Subjects
Characteristics | Group A (≤ 1) | Group B (> 1) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Subjects | 2289 | 2471 | Â |
Age (≥ 65 yr), n (%) | 594 (26.0) | 662 (26.8) | 0.511 |
Male, n (%) | 1293 (56.6) | 1363 (55.2) | 0.346 |
Ethnicity, n (%) | Â | Â | 0.295 |
 White | 1583 (69.2) | 1664 (67.3) |  |
 Asian | 56 (2.4) | 69 (2.8) |  |
 Black | 162 (7.1) | 209 (8.5) |  |
 Hispanic/Latino | 100 (4.4) | 96 (3.9) |  |
 Unknown/Other | 388 (17.0) | 433 (17.5) |  |
Day 1 SOFA score | 4.00 (2.00, 7.00) | 5.00 (2.00, 8.00) | 0.001 |
Day 1 SAPS-I score | 12.00 (8.00, 16.00) | 12.00 (9.00, 16.00) | 0.006 |
Diagnosed by ICD, 9th Editor, n (%) | |||
 Respiratory failure, n (%) | 313 (13.7) | 337 (13.6) | 0.971 |
 Renal failure, n (%) | 364 (16.0) | 486 (19.7) | 0.001 |
 Liver cirrhosis, n (%) | 115 (5.0) | 144 (5.8) | 0.222 |
 Shock, n (%) | 142 (6.2) | 152 (6.2) | 0.940 |
 Diabetes uncomplicated, n (%) | 224 (9.8) | 282 (11.4) | 0.069 |
 Diabetes complicated, n (%) | 49 (2.1) | 75 (3.0) | 0.053 |
 AIDS, n (%) | 22 (1.0) | 31 (1.3) | 0.335 |
 Lymphoma, n (%) | 25 (1.1) | 39 (1.6) | 0.146 |
 Metastatic cancer, n (%) | 134 (5.9) | 160 (6.5) | 0.375 |
 Coagulopathy, n (%) | 129 (5.7) | 167 (6.8) | 0.109 |
 Rheumatoid arthritis, n (%) | 25 (1.1) | 37 (1.5) | 0.218 |
 Infection, n (%) | 235 (10.3) | 282 (11.4) | 0.204 |
 Poisoning, n (%) | 131 (5.7) | 99 (4.0) | 0.006 |
 Hypoferric anemia, n (%) | 231 (10.1) | 271 (11.0) | 0.327 |
Related medication taking in day 1, n (%) | |||
 Sedatives, n (%) | 42 (1.8) | 67 (2.7) | 0.043 |
 Opioid analgesics, n (%) | 29 (1.3) | 61 (2.5) | 0.002 |
 Catecholamine, n (%) | 199 (8.7) | 267 (10.8) | 0.014 |
 β-blocking agent, n (%) | 8 (0.3) | 7 (0.3) | 0.889 |
Length of stay in ICU, day | 2.31 (1.54, 4.26) | 2.52 (1.69, 4.96) | 0.001 |
First 24-h mean HR | 87.59 (77.11, 99.25) | 88.78 (77.21, 100.14) | 0.119 |
Mortality, n (%) | |||
 ICU mortality, n (%) | 151 (6.6) | 238 (9.6) |  < 0.001 |
 Hospital mortality, n (%) | 200 (8.7) | 305 (12.3) |  < 0.001 |
 30-day mortality, n (%) | 235 (10.3) | 344 (13.9) |  < 0.001 |
 1-year mortality, n (%) | 395 (17.3) | 522 (21.1) | 0.001 |
Follow time, day | |||
 30-day mortality, day | 27.97 ± 6.44 | 27.13 ± 7.60 |  < 0.001 |
 1-year mortality, day | 312.85 ± 119.66 | 299.84 ± 131.72 |  < 0.001 |