Table 1 Demographic data of participants according to their amount of opioid requirement in postanesthesia care unit, based on milligram morphine equivalent
Items | MME 0 mg | MME > 0–5 mg | MME > 5 mg | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Total patients (N, %) | 1890 (57.0) | 1060 (32.0) | 366 (11.0) | |
Preoperative Data | ||||
Sex | < 0.001 | |||
Male | 816 (60.3) | 379 (28.0) | 158 (11.7) | |
Female | 1074 (54.7) | 681 (34.7) | 208 (10.6) | |
Age (years old), median (IQR) | 52 (37, 64) | 50 (37, 62) | 50 (38, 64) | 0.20 |
Age (years old) | 0.095 | |||
< 65 | 1426 (56.2) | 836 (32.9) | 276 (10.9) | |
≥ 65 | 464 (59.6) | 224 (28.8) | 90 (11.6) | |
Religion | 0.626 | |||
Buddhist | 1657 (56.6) | 945 (32.3) | 328 (11.2) | |
Muslim | 228 (60.6) | 111 (29.5) | 37 (9.8) | |
Christian | 5 (50.0) | 4 (40.0) | 1 (10.0) | |
ASA classification (N, %) | 0.068 | |||
I | 141 (59.2) | 75 (31.5) | 22 (9.3) | |
II | 1383 (58.0) | 753 (31.6) | 250 (10.5) | |
III | 366 (52.9) | 232 (33.5) | 94 (13.6) | |
BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 24.4 (21.5, 27.6) | 24 (21, 27.7) | 24.1 (20.8, 27.1) | 0.122 |
BMI (kg/m2), (N, %) | < 0.001 | |||
< 25 | 1042 (55.5) | 628 (33.4) | 209 (11.1) | |
25–34.99 | 769 (60.9) | 362 (28.7) | 132 (10.4) | |
≥ 35 | 79 (45.4) | 70 (40.2) | 25 (14.4) | |
Status | 0.029 | |||
In-patients | 1831 (56.6) | 1041 (32.2) | 361 (11.2) | |
Out-patients | 59 (71.1) | 19 (22.9) | 5 (6.0) | |
ABO blood group | 0.252 | |||
O | 706 (56.8) | 404 (32.5) | 133 (10.7) | |
A | 397 (57.0) | 204 (29.3) | 96 (13.8) | |
B | 492 (56.2) | 286 (32.6) | 98 (11.2) | |
AB | 119 (54.3) | 79 (36.1) | 21 (9.6) | |
Smoking | 0.478 | |||
Yes | 441 (58.9) | 227 (30.3) | 81 (10.8) | |
No | 1449 (56.4) | 833 (32.5) | 285 (11.1) | |
Premedication with benzodiazepine | 0.89 | |||
Yes | 217 (55.9) | 128 (33.0) | 43 (11.1) | |
No | 1673 (57.1) | 932 (31.8) | 323 (11.0) | |
Preoperative use of gabapentin | 0.001 | |||
Yes | 53 (43.8) | 44 (36.4) | 24 (19.8) | |
No | 1837 (57.5) | 1016 (31.8) | 342 (10.7) | |
Preoperative use of pregabalin | 0.227 | |||
Yes | 5 (45.5) | 3 (27.3) | 3 (27.3) | |
No | 1885 (57.0) | 1057 (32.0) | 363 (11.0) | |
Preoperative anxiety score | 0.009 | |||
0 | 690 (59.3) | 375 (32.2) | 99 (8.5) | |
1–5 | 832 (56.4) | 467 (31.7) | 176 (11.9) | |
6–10 | 368 (54.4) | 218 (32.2) | 91 (13.4) | |
Preoperative pain score | 0.033 | |||
0 | 1391 (57.9) | 771 (32.1) | 240 (10.0) | |
1–3 | 214 (57.8) | 112 (30.3) | 44 (11.9) | |
4–6 | 197 (52.1) | 125 (33.1) | 56 (14.8) | |
7–1 | 88 (53.0) | 52 (31.3) | 26 (15.7) | |
Intraoperative Data | ||||
Anesthetic techniques | < 0.001 | |||
GA | 942 (46.1) | 824 (40.3) | 279 (13.6) | |
TCI | 100 (84.0) | 16 (13.5) | 3 (2.5) | |
Spinal block | 612 (91.5) | 48 (7.2) | 9 (1.3) | |
Nerve block | 64 (90.1) | 6 (8.5) | 1 (1.4) | |
Combined | 136 (36.8) | 161 (43.5) | 73 (19.7) | |
Others | 36 (85.7) | 5 (11.9) | 1 (2.4) | |
Amount of intraoperative opioid use (MME) | < 0.001 | |||
0 | 370 (96.4) | 13 (3.4) | 1 (0.2) | |
> 0–5 | 965 (58.5) | 550 (33.3) | 136 (8.2) | |
≥ 5 | 555 (43.3) | 497 (38.8) | 229 (17.9) | |
Intraoperative use of paracetamol | 0.002 | |||
Yes | 26 (37.7) | 29 (42.0) | 14 (20.3) | |
No | 1864 (57.4) | 1031 (31.8) | 352 (10.8) | |
Intraoperative use of parecoxib | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 94 (40.0) | 98 (41.7) | 43 (18.3) | |
No | 1796 (58.3) | 962 (31.2) | 323 (10.5) | |
Intraoperative use of ketamine | 0.065 | |||
Yes | 30 (75.0) | 8 (20.0) | 2 (5.0) | |
No | 1860 (56.8) | 1052 (32.1) | 364 (11.1) | |
Intraoperative use of ondansetron | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 705 (48.8) | 585 (40.5) | 154 (10.7) | |
No | 1185 (63.3) | 475 (25.4) | 212 (11.3) | |
Duration of anesthesia (mins), (median, IQR) | 130 (80, 180) | 160 (110, 250) | 187.5 (135, 278.8) | < 0.001 |
Duration of surgery (mins), (median, IQR) | 75 (40, 125) | 117.5 (70, 200) | 140 (95, 230) | < 0.001 |
Type of operation | < 0.001 | |||
General surgery | 331 (41.2) | 360 (44.8) | 112 (14.0) | |
C-section | 127 (91.3) | 8 (5.8) | 4 (2.9) | |
Otolaryngology | 263 (62.5) | 141 (33.5) | 17 (4.0) | |
Gynecology | 231 (46.3) | 199 (39.9) | 69 (13.8) | |
Neurosurgery | 34 (61.8) | 19 (34.6) | 2 (3.6) | |
Obstetrics | 59 (68.6) | 21 (24.4) | 6 (7.0) | |
Ophthalmology | 100 (74.1) | 33 (24.4) | 2 (1.5) | |
Orthopedics | 281 (61.9) | 113 (24.9) | 60 (13.2) | |
Plastic | 77 (47.5) | 61 (37.7) | 24 (14.8) | |
Thoracic | 6 (17.6) | 9 (26.5) | 19 (55.9) | |
Urological | 186 (64.1) | 57 (19.7) | 47 (16.2) | |
Vascular | 85 (75.2) | 24 (21.2) | 4 (3.6) | |
Others | 110 (88.0) | 15 (12.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Reoperation | 0.123 | |||
Yes | 44 (46.8) | 38 (40.4) | 12 (12.8) | |
No | 1846 (57.3) | 1022 (31.7) | 354 (11.0) | |
Blood loss (ml), (median, IQR) | 20 (5150) | 50 (10,200) | 150 (30,387.5) | < 0.001 |
PACU Data | ||||
Pain score upon PACU arrival | 0.033 | |||
0 | 1391 (57.9) | 771 (32.1) | 240 (10.0) | |
1–3 | 214 (57.8) | 112 (30.3) | 44 (11.9) | |
4–6 | 197 (52.1) | 125 (33.1) | 56 (14.8) | |
7–10 | 88 (53.0) | 52 (31.3) | 26 (15.7) | |
Use of paracetamol in PACU | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 21 (26.2) | 24 (30.0) | 35 (43.8) | |
No | 1869 (57.8) | 1036 (32.0) | 331 (10.2) | |
Use of parecoxib in PACU | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 18 (17.6) | 37 (36.3) | 47 (46.1) | |
No | 1872 (58.2) | 1023 (31.8) | 319 (9.9) | |
Length of PACU stay (mins) (median, IQR) | 45 (30,60) | 50 (40,60) | 70 (60,98.8) | < 0.001 |