Table 2 Patients’ perioperative outcomes

Postoperative 6 h (NRS)

2.9 ± 0.8

2.3 ± 0.9

–

0.001

POD1 (NRS)

2.8 ± 0.8

2.6 ± 0.9

–

0.026

POD1 NRS ≥3

19

11

POD2 (NRS)

2.7 ± 0.7

2.2 ± 0.8

−0.75 to − 0.11

0.009

POD2 NRS ≥3

18

8

Drainage tube removal (NRS)

3.3 ± 0.7

2.8 ± 0.7

–

0.003

Discharge (NRS)

1.5 ± 0.6

1.3 ± 0.7

−0.44 to 0.12

0.267

Intravenous analgesia days

1.3 ± 0.6

1.1 ± 0.4

−0.41 to 0.02

0.069

Sufentanil (μg)

54.6 ± 18.8

60.4 ± 26.6

−19.61 to 0.74

0.069

Flurbiprofen (mg)

109.0 ± 37.5

128.0 ± 53.2

−39.2 to 1.49

0.069

 NSAIDs

3.0 ± 2.0

2.0 ± 1.5

−1.72 to −0.13

0.023

 Opioid

0.5 (0–1)

1.0 (1–2)

–

0.545

 chest tube/catheter removal (days)

1.7 ± 0.7

1.7 ± 0.9

–

0.416

 Length of stay (days)

3.2 ± 1.2

2.7 ± 1.4

–

0.001

 POM1 (NRS)

1.1 ± 0.5

0.9 ± 0.5

–

0.182