Table 3 Univariate logistic regression analysis of study variables vs postoperative AKI in the training cohort

Age, years

0.05 (0.01–0.10)

1.05 (1.01–1.10)

0.02

Sex, female vs male

0.11 (− 0.31–0.54)

1.12 (0.73–1.71)

0.61

BMI, kg·m⁻²

− 0.04 (− 0.10–0.03)

0.96 (0.90–1.03)

0.24

Hypertension, yes vs no

0.38 (− 0.03–0.80)

1.47 (0.97–2.22)

0.07

Diabetes, yes vs no

0.46 (− 0.03–0.96)

1.59 (0.97–2.61)

0.06

Cardiovascular diseases, yes vs no

0.11 (− 0.48–0.70)

1.11 (0.62–2.01)

0.72

CKD, yes vs no

1.07 (0.25–1.89)

2.92 (1.29–6.62)

0.01

Pulmonary diseases, yes vs no

−0.22 (− 1.19–0.76)

0.80 (0.30–2.14)

0.66

Hepatitis/ cirrhosis, yes vs no

−0.15 (− 0.67–0.37)

0.86 (0.51–1.45)

0.58

ASA PS, III-IV vs I-II

0.54 (0.05–1.03)

1.72 (1.05–2.81)

0.03

Pathology, vs hepatoma

 Cholangiocarcinoma

0.25 (− 0.32–0.82)

1.28 (0.72–2.27)

0.40

 Hepatic Metastasis

0.35 (− 0.81–1.51)

1.41 (0.44–4.51)

0.56

 Benign

−0.48 (− 1.08–0.12)

0.62 (0.34–1.12)

0.12

Hemoglobin, g·L^− 1

−0.02 (− 0.03 - -0.01)

0.98 (0.97–0.99)

<  0.01

Albumin, g·L^− 1

− 0.08 (− 0.13 - -0.03)

0.92 (0.88–0.97)

<  0.01

Total bilirubin, per 10 μmol·L^− 1

0.04 (0.002–0.07)

1.04 (1.00–1.07)

0.04

Direct bilirubin, per 10 μmol·L^− 1

0.05 (0.01–0.09)

1.05 (1.01–1.09)

0.02

Fasting blood glucose, μmol·L^− 1

0.07 (− 0.02–0.16)

1.07 (0.98–1.17)

0.12

Creatinine, μmol·L^− 1

0.004 (− 0.01–0.01)

1.00 (0.99–1.01)

0.39

eGFR, ml·min·1.73 m^− 2

− 0.01 (− 0.02–0.01)

0.99 (0.98–1.01)

0.33

NSAIDs, yes vs no

1.54 (0.36–2.72)

4.67 (1.43–15.19)

0.01

Preoperative diuretics, yes vs no

0.52 (− 0.20–1.24)

1.68 (0.81–3.46)

0.16

Nephrotoxic antibiotics, yes vs no

0.54 (−0.11–1.19)

1.71 (0.89–3.28)

0.11

Glucocorticoid, vs None

 Dexamethasone

−0.20 (− 0.78–0.37)

0.82 (0.46–1.45)

0.49

 Methylprednisolone

0.06 (− 0.43–0.56)

1.06 (0.65–1.75)

0.80

Vasoactive agents, vs none

 Hypertensive agents

0.48 (0.01–0.95)

1.62 (1.01–2.58)

0.04

 Hypotensive agents

−0.57 (− 1.46–0.32)

0.56 (0.23–1.38)

0.21

 Both

0.87 (0.17–1.56)

2.38 (1.18–4.78)

0.01

Intraoperative diuretic, vs no

0.57 (0.05–1.09)

1.76 (1.05–2.97)

0.03

MAP < 60 mmHg, yes vs no

0.19 (−0.24–0.63)

1.21 (0.78–1.87)

0.39

Duration of MAP < 60 mmHg, min

0.01 (0–0.02)

1.01 (1.00–1.02)

0.05

Duration of operation, h

0.26 (0.13–0.39)

1.30 (1.14–1.48)

<  0.01

Fluid balance, ml· kg^− 1· h^− 1

− 0.002 (− 0.05–0.04)

1.00 (0.95–1.04)

0.91

Hydroxyethyl starch, ml· kg^− 1· h^− 1

0.07 (− 0.03–0.18)

1.07 (0.97–1.19)

0.19

Ringer’s solution, ml· kg^− 1· h^− 1

− 0.02 (− 0.07–0.03)

0.98 (0.93–1.03)

0.47

Urine output, ml· kg^− 1· h^− 1

0.01 (− 0.11–0.13)

1.01 (0.90–1.14)

0.85

Blood loss, per 100 ml

0.10 (0.06–0.14)

1.10 (1.06–1.15)

<  0.01

Blood transfusion, yes vs no

1.23 (0.79–1.67)

3.41 (2.20–5.30)

<  0.01

Resection extent, vs right liver

 Left liver

−1.44 (−2.09 - -0.80)

0.23 (0.12–0.45)

<  0.01

 Partial

− 1.08 (− 1.60 - -0.56)

0.34 (0.20–0.57)

<  0.01

Hepatic inflow occlusion, yes vs no

0.48 (0.04–0.92)

1.61 (1.04–2.51)

0.03

Duration of occlusion, min

0.01 (− 0.001–0.02)

1.01 (1.00–1.02)

0.12