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Table 1 Baseline data

From: Impact of dexmedetomidine supplemented analgesia on delirium in patients recovering from orthopedic surgery: A randomized controlled trial

 

Placebo group (n = 354)

Dexmedetomidine group (n = 356)

ASD

Age (year)

71 ± 5

71 ± 5

0.042

Male sex

113 (31.9%)

116 (32.6%)

0.014

Body mass index (kg/m)

26.1 ± 3.5

26.0 ± 3.6

0.042

Education (year)

8.2 ± 4.5

8.3 ± 4.9

0.018

Preoperative comorbidity

 Stroke

36 (10.2%)

37 (10.4%)

0.007

 Hypertension

188 (53.1%)

184 (51.7%)

0.028

 Coronary heart disease

35 (9.9%)

29 (8.1%)

0.064

 Arrhythmia

15 (4.2%)

9 (2.5%)

0.109

 COPD

1 (0.3%)

1 (0.3%)

 < 0.001

 Diabetes mellitus

86 (24.3%)

71 (19.9%)

0.109

 History of surgery

208 (58.8%)

183 (51.4%)

0.141

Chronic smoking a

32 (9.0%)

37 (10.4%)

0.044

Alcoholism b

23 (6.5%)

27 (7.6%)

0.041

Preoperative medication

 Calcium channel blockers

99 (28.0%)

95 (26.7%)

0.029

 ACEI/ARB

64 (18.1%)

73 (20.5%)

0.060

 Beta‐blockers

26 (7.3%)

24 (6.7%)

0.024

 Insulin for diabetes mellitus

24 (6.8%)

18 (5.1%)

0.079

 Chronic use of benzodiazepine

8 (2.3%)

11 (3.1%)

0.048

Preoperative laboratory tests

 Hematocrit (%)

40 ± 4

40 ± 4

0.064

 Albumin (g/L)

42 ± 4

42 ± 4

0.048

 Creatinine (μmol/L)

69.5 ± 16.8

69.3 ± 18.0

0.023

 Glucose < 4.0 or > 10.0 mmol/ L

18 (5.1%)

10 (2.8%)

0.138

 Sodium < 135.0 or > 145.0 mmol/L

25 (7.1%)

27 (7.6%)

0.020

 Potassium < 3.5 or > 5.5 mmol/L

13 (3.7%)

19 (5.3%)

0.074

Charlson Comorbidity Index (score)

0 (0 to 1)

0 (0 to1)

0.041

ASA classification

  

0.031

 I

8 (2.3%)

3 (0.8%)

 

 II

278 (78.5%)

293 (82.3%)

 

 III

67 (18.9%)

60 (16.8%)

 

 IV

1 (0.3%)

0 (0.0%)

 

Preoperative evaluation

 MMSE (score) c

26.1 ± 3.0

26.1 ± 2.9

0.003

 NRS of pain, at rest (score) d

1 (0 to 2)

0 (0 to 2)

0.009

 NRS of pain, with movement (score) d

5 (3 to 6)

4 (3 to 6)

0.105

 NRS of sleep quality (score) e

2 (1 to 3)

2 (1 to 3)

0.083

Hypnotics in preoperative night

24 (6.7%)

20 (5.6%)

0.043

Study site

  

0.005

 Centre 1

210 (59.3%)

212 (59.6%)

 

 Centre 2

144 (40.7%)

144 (40.4%)

 
  1. Data are mean ± SD, number (%) or median (interquartile range)
  2. ASD absolute standardized difference (an ASD of ≥ 0.147 is considered imbalanced between the two groups), COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ACEI angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, MMSE Mini-Mental Status Examination, NRS numeric rating scale
  3. aSmoking half a pack of cigarettes per day for at least 2 years
  4. bTwo drinks or more daily, or weekly consumption of the equivalent of 150 mL of alcohol
  5. cScore ranges from 0 to 30, with higher score indicating better function
  6. dAn 11-point scale where 0 indicates no pain and 10 the worst pain
  7. eAn 11-point scale where 0 indicates the best possible sleep and 10 the worst possible sleep
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BMC Anesthesiology

ISSN: 1471-2253

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