Table 2 Baseline characteristics
All LUS (n = 42) | LUS 0–12 (n = 24) | LUS 13–24 (n = 18) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics at ICU admission | ||||
Age, years | 66 ± 13 | 68 ± 12 | 64 ± 13 | 0.293 |
Male gender, n | 29 (69) | 17 (71) | 12 (66.7) | 0.775 |
SOFA | 7.3 ± 3.7 | 7.1 ± 3.5 | 7.6 ± 4.1 | 0.656 |
APACHE II | 19.8 ± 7.9 | 19.1 ± 7.6 | 20.7 ± 8.5 | 0.540 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 29.0 ± 4.8 | 28.7 ± 4.4 | 29.4 ± 5.3 | 0.649 |
Medical history | ||||
Hypertension, n | 34 (81) | 20 (83.3) | 14 (77.8) | 0.654 |
Ischemic heart disease, n | 9 (21.4) | 5 (20.8) | 4 (22.2) | 0.915 |
Diabetes, n | 14 (33.3) | 7 (29.2) | 7 (38.9) | 0.513 |
Obesity, n | 24 (57.1) | 13 (54.2) | 11 (61.1) | 0.657 |
Solid tumor, n | 3 (7.1) | 3 (12.5) | 0 | 0.124 |
Hematological malignancy, n | 6 (14.3) | 1 (4.2) | 6 (27.8) | 0.033 |
Immunosuppression, n | 13 (31) | 6 (25) | 7 (38.9) | 0.341 |
Solid-organ recipient, n | 4 (9.5) | 1 (4.2) | 3 (16.7) | 0.177 |
Transient ischemic attack/Stroke, n | 5 (11.9) | 4 (16.7) | 1 (5.6) | 0.277 |
Asthma, n | 2 (4.8) | 1 (4.2) | 1 (5.6) | 0.836 |
COPD, n | 3 (7.1) | 3 (12.5) | 0 | 0.124 |
Medications on ICU | ||||
ACE inhibitor, n | 3 (7.1) | 2 (8.3) | 1 (5.6) | 0.733 |
Angiotensin receptor blocker, n | 9 (21.4) | 6 (25) | 3 (16.7) | 0.52 |
Dexamethason, n | 24 (57.1) | 16 (66.7) | 8 (44.4) | 0.155 |
Other anti-inflammatories, n | 26 (61.9) | 17 (70.8) | 9 (50) | 0.174 |
Baseline laboratory results | ||||
Leukocytes, G/l, | 9.7 (5.6–11.3) | 8.02 (5.6–12.7) | 9.9 (6.7–11.2) | 0.332 |
Lymphocytes, G/l | 7 (3–10) | 8.5 (5–10.3) | 4.5 (2.8–8.3) | 0.066 |
Creatinine, mg/dl | 0.9 (0.7–1.75) | 0.9 (0.73–1.1) | 0.9 (0.6–2.5) | 0.929 |
Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dl | 50 (27–78) | 47 (28–63) | 58 (19–92) | 0.751 |
Albumin, mg/dl | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 3.0 ± 0.4 | 2.8 ± 0.5 | 0.066 |
C-reactive protein, mg/dl | 10.3 (8.1–14.1) | 10.1 (4.8–12.9) | 10.6 (10–11.2) | 0.083 |
Lactate dehydrogenase, U/l | 412 ± 125 | 418 ± 128 | 405 ± 124 | 0.742 |
Interleukin-6, pg/ml | 89.9 (40.3–197) | 81.1 (40.3–239) | 92 (39.8–167) | 0.549 |
Ferritin, ng/ml | 1533 (662–2201) | 985 (322–2055) | 1648 (1178–2571) | 0.141 |
High sensitive Troponin T, ng/ml | 0.018 (0.01–0.04) | 0.014 (0.01–0.03) | 0.022 (0.01–0.07) | 0.187 |
D-Dimer, μg/ml | 1.2 (0.68–4.25) | 1.1 (0.6–1.88) | 1.2 (0.78–6.83) | 0.173 |
Lactate, mmol/l | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | 1.1 (0.9–1.58) | 1.0 (0.8–1.5) | 0.351 |
Blood glucose, mg/dl | 141 (118–179) | 143 (117–193) | 133 (117–177) | 0.638 |
Brain natriuretic peptide, pg/ml | 736 (212–1847) | 677 (218–1725) | 753 (193–8015) | 0.688 |
Respiration/Ventilation | ||||
Invasive ventilation at admission | 19 (45.2) | 9 (37.5) | 10 (55.5) | 0.250 |
paO2/FiO2 ratio, mmHg | 156 ± 66 | 167 ± 67 | 141 ± 64 | 0.213 |
pH | 7.40 ± 0.10 | 7.42 ± 0.09 | 7.35 ± 0.1 | 0.047 |
paO2, mmHg | 91 (75–119) | 107 (80–130) | 80 (66–93) | 0.034 |
paCO2, mmHg | 44.4 ± 16.6 | 41.8 ± 12.3 | 47.8 ± 19.2 | 0.249 |
Respiratory rate, breaths/min | 24.3 ± 5.7 | 23.8 ± 6.2 | 24.8 ± 5.0 | 0.543 |
PEEP (IV), mbar | 12.7 ± 4.1 | 7.8 ± 5.3 | 12.6 ± 3.8 | 0.409 |
Driving pressure (IV), mbar | 12 (10–15) | 11.5 (8.8–13.5) | 12 (10–16) | 0.393 |
Compliance (IV), ml/mbar | 41.4 ± 12.8 | 44.9 ± 10.3 | 37.8 ± 14.9 | 0.254 |
Proning, n | 12 (28.6) | 6 (25) | 6 (33.4) | 0.559 |
ECMO, n | 8 (19) | 3 (12.5) | 5 (27.8) | 0.134 |
Baseline lung ultrasound | ||||
Pleural effusion, n | 4 (9.5) | 2 (8.3) | 2 (11.1) | 0.764 |
Pleural thickening, n | 38 (90.5) | 20 (83.3) | 18 (100) | 0.072 |
Subpleural consolidations, n | 23 (54.8) | 7 (29.2) | 16 (88.9) | < 0.001 |
Lung ultrasound score, n | 11.9 ± 3.9 | 9.2 ± 2.4 | 15.7 ± 2.0 | < 0.001 |
Outcome | ||||
Mechanical ventilation, days | 19 (9–51) | 12.5 (8–25) | 36.5 (10–70) | 0.029 |
ICU LOS, days | 15.5 (8–49) | 15 (8–25) | 38 (8–72) | 0.203 |
ICU survival, n | 30 (71.4) | 18 (75) | 12 (66.7) | 0.559 |
Causes of death, n | ||||
- Lung failure | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
- Sepsis | 4 | 2 | 2 | |
- Bleeding complication | 4 | 2 | 2 | |
- Cardiac failure | 1 | 0 | 1 | |