Table 2 Healthcare utilization and cost of healthcare in United States patients with and without ≥ 1 respiratory depression episode. Outliers were identified using Cook’s Distance, resulting in exclusion of 10 patients with ≥1 respiratory depression episode and 13 patients without a respiratory depression episode from the cohort of 769 United States patients with healthcare utilization data. Within the sub-cohort of 420 patients with cost data, 5 patients with ≥1 respiratory depression episode and 6 patients without a respiratory depression episode were identified as outliers and excluded

Healthcare Utilization

Patients with ≥ 1 Respiratory Depression Episode

Patients without Respiratory Depression Episode

p-value

Patients with ≥ 1 Respiratory Depression Episode

Patients without Respiratory Depression Episode

p-value

Length of Stay, All Patients

(Average ± SD (N))

7.1 ± 9.6

(287)

5.7 ± 6.5

(481)

.032

6.4 ± 7.8

(277)

5.0 ± 4.3

(468)

.009

 Low

6.8 ± 9.4

(53)

5.2 ± 6.4

(206)

.266

5.6 ± 3.8

(52)

4.6 ± 4.0

(201)

.126

 Intermediate

6.8 ± 10.7

(92)

6 ± 6.1

(178)

.497

6.5 ± 10.6

(90)

5.5 ± 4.8

(173)

.365

 High

7.5 ± 9.1

(137)

6.4 ± 7.8

(92)

.322

6.7 ± 6.8

(130)

5.3 ± 3.8

(89)

.053

7-day readmission (N,%)

7, 2.4%

11, 2.3%

1.000

7, 2.5%

11, 2.4%

.879

15-day readmission (N,%)

12, 4.2%

13, 2.7%

.297

12, 4.3%

13, 2.8%

.255

30-day readmission (N,%)

16, 5.6%

17, 3.5%

.200

16, 5.8%

17, 3.6%

.169

Healthcare Costs

Total Cost (USD), All Patients (Average ± SD (N))

$23,619 ± $16,868

(148)

$19,193 ± $13,517

(272)

.006

$21,892 ± $11,540

(143)

$18,206 ± $10,864

(266)

.002

 Low

$22,316 ± $13,679

(27)

$18,633 ± $14,050

(111)

.222

$22,316 ± $13,679

(27)

$17,705 ± $11,818

(109)

.081

 Intermediate

$22,272 ± $14,661

(42)

$20,331 ± $14,594

(107)

.447

$21,665 ± $14,300

(41)

$18,858 ± $10,423

(104)

.258

 High

$25,057 ± $19,490

(74)

$18,608 ± $9714

(50)

.017

$21,948 ± $9128

(70)

$18,474 ± $9767

(49)

.0495

Propensity Weighted Cost Analysis

Overall Cost (Average ± SD)

$23,294 ± $15,088

$20,057 ± $13,555

.013

$22,171 ± $12,727

$18,971 ± $10,725

.007

Exponentiated Estimates

from Generalized Linear Model (95% CI)