Inhibition of adenosine A1 receptors abolished the nutritional ketosis-evoked delay in the onset of isoflurane-induced anesthesia in Wistar Albino Glaxo Rijswijk rats

Table 3 Effect of ketone supplements, DPCPX, and SCH 58261 alone as well as ketone supplement KEKS in combination with DPCPX or SCH 58261 on latency to immobility on the 7th day of gavage

	Latency to immobility
Treatments (2.5 g/kg/day; Figs. 2a and 3)	Sec (mean ± S.E.M.)	Compared to control (significance level/q-value)
SD (control, group 1)	142.88 ± 2.474	–
KE (group 2)	173.50 ± 3.105	****/10.220
KS (group 3)	162.50 ± 1.679	***/6.548
KSMCT (group 4)	157.88 ± 3.446	*/5.005
KEKS (group 5)	183.88 ± 4.299	****/13.680
KEMCT (group 6)	171.75 ± 2.226	****/9.634
DPCPX (group 7)	146.25 ± 4.443	−/0.765
SCH 58261 (group 8)	141.63 ± 4.935	−/0.283
KEKS + DPCPX (group 9)	138.13 ± 4.202	−/1.177
KEKS + SCH 58261 (group 10)	187.13 ± 5.531	****/12.290

Abbreviations: DPCPX (DP), 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (a specific adenosine A1 receptor/A1R antagonist); KE, ketone ester; KEKS, mix of KE and KS in a 1:1 ratio; KEMCT, mix of KE and medium chain triglyceride (MCT) oil in a 1:1 ratio; KS, ketone salt; KSMCT, mix of KS and MCT oil in a 1:1 ratio; SCH (SC), SCH 58261, 7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c] pyrimidine (a selective adenosine A2A receptor/A2AR antagonist); SD, standard diet/control; *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001

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