Fig. 4

Pain Scores Pain in surgical area was rated at rest and with movement by patients on a 0–10 numerical scale, which showed no significant difference in scores between groups at (a) 1 and (b) 24 h after surgery. Inpatient pain scores collected by nurses over the first 24 h were also extracted from the electronic medical record and averaged for each patient (c), revealing no difference in average clinically reported pain over this period between groups p = .597 for 1 h, p = .436 for 24 h, p = .739 for average 24 h nursing score. (independent samples Mann Whitney U test)