Fig. 1
The figure shows an overview of the experimental setup. 0.9% NaCl solution is warmed as it travels down the fluid warmer. After fluid exits the warmer, it goes further down through the non-insulated extension line. The temperatures at the outlet of the warmer (TProx) and the outlet of the extension line (TDistal) were measured using thermometers. a and b in the left and right show the setups for Hotline and S-line, respectively