Table 1 Comparisons of preoperative and intraoperative findings between the three groups

 Age (years)

65 (61–69)

67 (64–72)

65 (62–71)

0.286

 Body mass index (kg/m²)

24.4 (22.7–27.7)

23.6 (22.2–25.2)

24.2 (22.3–26.4)

0.276

  Hypertension

9 (30.0%)

10 (33.3%)

16 (53.3%)

0.134

  Diabetes mellitus

7 (23.3%)

3 (10.0%)

5 (16.7%)

0.383

 History of abdominal surgery

7 (23.3%)

4 (13.3%)

6 (20.0%)

0.602

  White blood cell count (× 10⁹/L)

5.4 (4.6–7.4)

7.1 (5.9–7.6)

6.2 (5.2–7.5)

0.133

   Neutrophil (%)

54.3 (47.9–57.2)

55.1 (51.6–59.6)

52.9 (51.1–54.5)

0.118

   Lymphocyte (%)

33.8 (31.3–38.3)

32.6 (31.1–40.4)

36.5 (34.6–39.0)

0.089

  Hemoglobin (g/dL)

14.3 (13.8–14.8)

13.9 (13.1–15.4)

14.7 (13.7–15.6)

0.375

  Platelet count (× 10⁹/L)

187.0 (160.5–221.0)

193.0 (169.8–242.0)

207.0 (172.3–232.3)

0.52

  International normalized ratio

0.9 (0.8–0.9)

0.9 (0.9–0.9)

0.9 (0.8–0.9)

0.148

 Surgical duration (min)

123 (109–145)

123 (100–141)

123 (114–138)

0.713

 Hypotension event^a

10 (33.3%)

15 (50.0%)

17 (56.7%)

0.175

 Total rescue ephedrine infusion (mg)

0 (0–4)

2 (0–8)

4 (0–8)

0.139

 Total remifentanil infusion (mg)

0.5 (0.4–0.6)

0.4 (0.3–0.4)^*

0.2 (0.1–0.3)^*,†

< 0.001

 Crystalloid fluid infusion (mL)

500 (400–600)

575 (400–663)

525 (388–800)

0.782

 Urine output (mL)

100 (50–100)

50 (50–100)

100 (50–100)

0.496

 Hemorrhage (mL)

100 (50–100)

100 (50–100)

100 (50–163)

0.405