Table 2 Pre-Virtual Reality and Post-Virtual Reality psychological outcomes

STAI S-anxiety score

39.59 ± 11.14

–

–

STAI T-anxiety score

40.10 ± 9.07

–

–

STAI total score

79.69 ± 18.78

–

–

 Anxiety

7.23 ± 3.27

4.62 ± 3.03

< 0.0001

 Depression

4.12 ± 3.34

2.92 ± 2.51

< 0.0001

EQ-5D-3L dimensions anxiety/depression

< 0.0001

 Not anxious/depressed

62 (57.41)

90 (83.33)

 Having anxious/depressed

46 (42.59)

18 (16.67)

EQ-5D-3L dimensions Pain/Discomfort

0.0073

 No pain/discomfort

72 (66.67)

84 (77.78)

 Having pain/discomfort

36 (33.33)

24 (22.22)

EQ-5D-3L VAS health state

71.57 ± 17.75

76.05 ± 15.07

< 0.0001