Table 1 Effect of lipophilic opioids on incidence of shivering in women undergoing cesarean delivery after spinal anesthesia: A systematic review of randomized control trials presented in a tabular column

1

[11]Palmer et al. 1995

[USA]

[2/0/2/0]

Control

Vs.

Fentanyl (F) 15 μg

Group F (14) vs. Control (14)

•Incidence: 0% vs. 14.28%

•Severity (Grades 3 and 4): NA

Side Effects:

•Hypotension: 0 vs. 0

•Pruritus: 7.14% vs. 28.57%

•Nausea and vomiting: 50% vs 92.85%

•Intraoperative discomfort: NA

•Respiratory depression: 0 vs. 0

2

[20]Chen et al. 2010

[Germany]

[2/0/2/2]

Control

Vs.

Sufentanil (S) 5 μg

Group S (32) vs. Control (32)

•Incidence: 0% vs. 38%

•Severity (Grades 3 and 4): NA

Side Effects:

•Hypotension: 19% vs. 38%

•Pruritus: 31% vs. 0%

•Nausea and vomiting: 31% vs. 52%

•Intraoperative discomfort: NA

•Respiratory depression: 0 vs. 0

3

[22]Abdollahpour et al. 2015

[Iran]

[2/0/2/2]

Control

Vs.

Sufentanil (S) 1.5 μg

Group S (25) vs. Control (25)

•Incidence: 48% vs. 40%

•Severity (Grades 3 and 4): NA

Side Effects:

•Hypotension: 64% vs 84%

•Pruritus: NA

•Nausea and vomiting: 64% vs. 52%

•Intraoperative discomfort: NA

•Respiratory depression: NA

4

[15]Han et al. 2007

[Korea]

[2/0/2/0]

Control

Vs.

Fentanyl (F) 12.5 μg

Group F (20) vs. Control (20)

•Incidence: 30% vs. 65%

•Severity (Grades 3 and 4): - 10% vs. 35%

Side Effects:

•Hypotension: NA

•Pruritus: NA

•Nausea and vomiting: NA

•Intraoperative discomfort: NA

•Respiratory depression: NA

5

[17]Agrawal et al. 2016

[India]

[2/1/0/1]

Control

Vs.

Fentanyl (F) 25 μg

Group F (20) vs. Control (20)

•Incidence: 10% vs. 30%

•Severity (Grades 3 and 4): NA

Side Effects:

•Hypotension: 75% vs. 75%

•Pruritus: 30% vs. 0%

•Nausea and vomiting: 15% vs. 70%

•Intraoperative discomfort: NA

•Respiratory depression: NA

6

[16]Sadegh et al. 2012

[Iran]

[2/1/2/2]

Control

Vs.

Fentanyl (F) 25 μg

Group F (40) vs. Control (40)

•Incidence: 10% vs. 75%

•Severity (Grades 3 and 4): 0 vs. 23%

Side Effects:

•Hypotension: 75% vs. 77.5%

•Pruritus: 30% vs. 0%

•Nausea and vomiting: 18.95% vs. 67.5%

•Intraoperative discomfort: 3% vs. 35%

•Respiratory depression: 0 vs. 0

7

[19]Qian et al. 2009

[China]

[2/1/0/2]

Control

Vs.

Sufentanil (S) 5 μg

Group S (40) vs. Control (40)

•Incidence: 20% vs. 60%

•Severity (Grades 3 and 4): NA

Side Effects:

•Hypotension: 20% vs. 55%

•Pruritus: 0 vs. 0

•Nausea and vomiting: 0 vs. 0

•Intraoperative discomfort: NA

•Respiratory depression: 0 vs. 0

8

[21]Locks et al. 2012

[Brazil]

[2/0/0/2]

Control

Vs.

Sufentanil (S) 2.5 μg

Group S (40) vs. Control (40)

•Incidence: 32.5% vs. 62.5%

•Severity (Grades 3 and 4): NA

Side Effects:

•Hypotension: NA

•Pruritus: NA

•Nausea and vomiting: NA

•Intraoperative discomfort: NA

•Respiratory depression: NA

9

[14]Techanivate et al. 2005

[Thailand]

[2/1/2/0]

Control

Vs.

Fentanyl (F) 20 μg

Group F (30) vs. Control (30)

•Incidence: 20% vs. 50%

•Severity (Grades 3 and 4): 3.33% vs. 13.33%

Side Effects:

•Hypotension: 36.7% vs. 50%

•Pruritus: 66.66% vs. 40%

•Nausea and vomiting: 33.33% vs. 23.33%

•Intraoperative discomfort: 0 vs. 26.7%

•Respiratory depression: NA

10

[13]Kang et al. 1998

[Taiwan]

[2/0/0/1]

Control

Vs.

Fentanyl (F) 25 μg

Group F (15) vs. Control (15)

•Incidence: 0% vs. 33.3%

•Severity (Grades 3 and 4): NA

Side Effects:

•Hypotension: 20% vs. 40%

•Pruritus: 93.5% vs. 0%

•Nausea and vomiting: 60% vs. 66.6%

•Intraoperative discomfort: 0 vs. 13.3%

•Respiratory depression: 0 vs. 0

11

[12]Chu et al. 1995

[China]

[2/0/0/1]

Control

Vs.

Fentanyl (F) 7.5 μg

Fentanyl (F) 10 μg

Fentanyl (F) 12.5 μg

Fentanyl (F) 15 μg

Group F 7.5 (15) vs. F 10 (15) vs. F 12.5 (15) vs. F 15 (15) vs. Control (15)

•Incidence: 66.7% vs. 46.6% vs. 33.3% vs. 26.6% vs. 66.7%

•Severity (Grades 3 and 4): NA

Side Effects:

•Hypotension: 26.6% vs. 40% vs. 26.6% vs. 26.6% vs. 33.3%

•Pruritus: 20% vs. 26.6% vs. 40% vs. 53.3% vs. 0%

•Nausea and vomiting: 53.3% vs. 53.3% vs. 46.6% vs. 46.6% vs. 46.6%

•Intraoperative discomfort: 41.2% vs. 20% vs. 0% vs. 0% vs. 66.7%

•Respiratory depression: 0

12

[18]Lin et al. 1998

[China]

[2/0/2/0]

Control

Vs.

Sufentanil (S) 10 μg

Group S (19) vs. Control (22)

•Incidence: 21% vs. 4.5% (4 vs. 1)

•Severity (Grades 3 and 4): 0 vs. 4.5% (1)

Side Effects:

•Hypotension: 89.47% vs. 57.89% (17 vs. 11)

•Pruritus: 42.1% vs. 4.5% (8 vs. 1)

•Nausea and vomiting: 31.57% vs. 57.89% (6 vs. 11)

•Intraoperative discomfort: 36.84% vs. 68.42% (7 vs. 13)

•Respiratory depression: NA