Table 1 Clinical characteristics comparing AKI vs non-AKI at ICU admission
From: Acute kidney injury risk prediction score for critically-ill surgical patients
Characteristics | AKI (n = 333) | Non-AKI (n = 3141) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||
 Age – years | 64.7 ± 17.1 | 61.9 ± 16.7 | 0.004 |
 Female – n (%) | 119 (35.7) | 1380 (44.1) | 0.004 |
 Body weight – kg | 59.8 ± 14.7 | 60.4 ± 17.2 | 0.558 |
 Body mass index – kg/m2 | 23.0 ± 5.2 | 23.3 ± 6.0 | 0.413 |
Comorbidities | |||
 Diabetes mellitus – n (%) | 65 (19.5) | 703 (22.4) | 0.266 |
 Hypertension – n (%) | 162 (48.7) | 1600 (50.9) | 0.454 |
 Cardiovascular diseases – n (%) | 70 (21.0) | 683 (21.7) | 0.834 |
 Respiratory diseases – n (%) | 28 (8.4) | 267 (8.5) | 0.954 |
 Chronic kidney disease – n (%) | 35 (10.5) | 287 (9.1) | 0.426 |
 Malignancies – n (%) | 47 (14.1) | 468 (14.9) | 0.746 |
 Others – n (%) | 25 (7.5) | 246 (7.8) | 0.915 |
At ICU admission | |||
 APACHE – II score | 16 (11–21) | 9 (6–13) | < 0.001 |
 SOFA score | 6 (3–9) | 2 (0–4) | < 0.001 |
 SOFA non-renal score | 4 (2–8) | 1 (0–3) | < 0.001 |
 Sepsis at presentation – n (%) | 115 (34.5) | 214 (6.8) | < 0.001 |
Investigations | |||
 Hemoglobin – gm/dL | 10.0 ± 2.3 | 10.8 ± 2.0 | < 0.001 |
 Albumin - gm/dL | 2.45 ± 0.75 | 2.83 ± 0.81 | < 0.001 |
 Blood sugar – mg/dL | 164.6 ± 65.8 | 165.5 ± 55.0 | 0.784 |
 PiO2/FiO2 ratio | 276 ± 140 | 348 ± 124 | < 0.001 |
 Abnormal chest imaging – n (%) | 84 (26.4) | 417 (13.7) | < 0.001 |
 Abnormal ECG – n (%) | 122 (37.5) | 707 (23.9) | < 0.001 |
 Baseline creatinine – mg/dL* | 1.02 (0.81–1.12) | 0.81 (0.70–1.04) | < 0.001 |
Reference creatinine by – n (%) |  |  | < 0.001 |
 History of renal insufficiency | 70 (21.0) | 510 (16.8) |  |
 MDRD calculated back | 203 (61.0) | 872 (28.6) |  |
 Lowest value of admission | 60 (18.0) | 1663 (54.6) |  |
Surgical interventions | |||
 ASA classification -n (%) |  |  | < 0.001 |
  I | 7 (2.2) | 207 (6.8) |  |
  II-III | 219 (68.4) | 2521 (82.7) |  |
  IV-V | 94 (29.4) | 319 (10.5) |  |
  Emergency surgery – n (%) | 222 (68.3) | 833 (28.1) | < 0.001 |
 Site of surgery – n (%) | |||
  Neuro, head, and neck | 11 (3.3) | 392 (12.5) | < 0.001 |
  Abdomen & colorectal | 232 (69.7) | 1846 (58.8) | < 0.001 |
  Orthopedics | 43 (12.9) | 458 (14.6) | 0.460 |
  Others | 63 (18.9) | 514 (16.4) | 0.245 |
  Operative time – mina | 155 (90–270) | 240 (150–345) | < 0.001 |
  Perioperative blood loss – mLa | 500 (150–2000) | 450 (200–1050) | 0.257 |
  Perioperative fluid balance – mLa | 1400 (665–2720) | 1707 (800–2832) | 0.067 |
Perioperative urine output – mLa | 180 (40–450) | 343 (130–695) | < 0.001 |
Outcomes | |||
  ICU mortality – n (%) | 85 (25.5) | 90 (2.9) | < 0.001 |
  Death at day-28 – n (%) | 109 (32.7) | 174 (5.5) | < 0.001 |
  ICU length of stay - daysa | 6 (3–13) | 1 (1,3) | < 0.001 |
  Hospital length of stay – days* | 18 (10–28) | 14 (9–24) | 0.003 |