Fig. 4

The differential mechanisms of local anesthetics’ action in esophageal carcinoma cells. a Local anesthetics up to 12.5 mM do not affect RhoA activity in SK-GT-4 cells. Ropivacaine and bupivacaine but not lidocaine or mepivacaine significantly decreases Rac1 activity (b) in SK-GT-4 cells. c Ropivacaine and bupivacaine decreased Rac1 activity in a time-dependent manner. Local anesthetics at 12.5 mM but not 0.1 mM significantly decreases OCR level (d) and increases ROS level (e) and 8-OHdG level (f) in SK-GT-4 cells. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, compared to control. All experiments were independently performed at least three times