Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
Author Date | Dosage | Study type | Jadad Score | Sample size D/T | Patient characteristics; Surgical setting | Type of anesthesia; Drug for anesthesia | Definition of shivering | Outcomesmeasures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kundra 2017 | Dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg, tramadol 0.5 mg/kg | RCT | 5 | 50/50 | 18–65 yr, ASA: I-II; Orthopedic, general, or urological surgery | Spinal anesthesia; 0.5% bupivacaine | Grade 3 or 4 | ①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧ |
Venkatraman 2016 | Dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg, tramadol 1 mg/kg | RCT | 5 | 30/30 | 18–70 yr, ASA: I-II; No mention | Spinal anesthesia; To achieve sensory level of at least T10 | Grades 2 to 4 | ①②③⑤⑥⑦⑧ |
Mittal 2014 | Dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg; tramadol 0.5 mg/kg | RCT | 4 | 25/25 | 18–65 yr, ASA: I-II; Lower abdominal, lower limb, orthopaedic and plastic surgeries | Spinal anesthesia; 0.5% heavy bupivacaine 15 mg. | Grade 3 or 4 | ①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧ |
Fern 2015 | Dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg; tramadol 0.5 mg/kg | RCT | 3 | 20/20 | 18–70 yr, ASA: I-II; Elective orthopaedic, gynaecology or general surgery | Combined spinal and epidural anesthesia; 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine 15 mg. | Grade 3 or 4 | ①②⑥⑦⑧ |
Keerthi 2017 | Dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg; tramadol 0.5 mg/kg | RCT | 4 | 32 /32 | 18–60 yr, ASA: I-II; Lower abdomen and lower limb surgery | Spinal anesthesia; 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine 2.8 to 3 ml | Grades 2 to 4 | ①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧ |
Ramesh 2019 | Dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg; tramadol 0.5 mg/kg | RCT | 3 | 30/30 | 18–65 yr, ASA: I-II; Elective lower limb surgery | Spinal anesthesia; 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine 12.5 mg | Grade 3 for at least 2 min | ①②③④⑤⑧ |
Verma 2018 | Dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg; tramadol 0.5 mg/kg | RCT | 4 | 60/60 | 18–65 yr, ASA: I-II; Elective lower limb, lower abdominal, gynaecological procedures, caesarean sections | Spinal anesthesia; No mention | Grade 3 or 4 | ①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧ |
Prasad 2018 | Dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg; tramadol 0.5 mg/kg | RCT | 5 | 25/25 | 18–40 yr, ASA: I-II; Caesarean section | Spinal anesthesia; 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine | Grade 3 or 4 | ①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧ |
Kumar 2016 | Dexmedetomidine 0.6 μg/kg; tramadol 1.0 mg/kg | RCT | 3 | 20/20 | 18–60 yr, ASA: I-II; Elective lower abdominal surgeries and lower limb surgeries | Spinal anesthesia; 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine 15 mg | Grade 3 | ①②③⑥⑦ |
Verma 2016 | Dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg; tramadol 2 mg/kg | RCT | 4 | 30/30 | 18–45 yr, ASA: I-II; Elective abdominal, gynecological and orthopedic surgeries | Spinal anesthesia; 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine 15 mg | Grades 2 to 4 | ①②③④⑤⑥⑦ |
Singla 2017 | Dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg; tramadol 0.5 mg/kg | RCT | 4 | 50/50 | 18–65 yr, ASA: I-II; Various surgeries under spinal anesthesia | Spinal anesthesia; 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine 3–3.6 ml | Grades 2 to 4 | ①②③⑥⑦⑧ |
Singh 2016 | Dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg; tramadol 0.5 mg/kg | RCT | 4 | 30/30 | 20–50 yr, ASA: I-II; Elective lower abdominal, lower limb orthopaedic and gynaecological surgeries | Spinal anesthesia; 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine 15 mg | Grade 3 | ①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧ |
Aasim 2016 | Dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg; tramadol 0.5 mg/kg | RCT | 5 | 30/30 | 18–65 yr, ASA: I-II; Various surgeries under spinal anesthesia | Spinal anesthesia; 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine 15 mg | Grade 3 | ①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧ |