Table 4 GRADE evidence profile for cognitive impaired (CI) patients versus non-CI patients. Explanations: a. asymmetrical funnel plot, b. I2 = 84%, c. OR 5.55(0.91, 33.88), d. I2 = 74%
Certainty assessment | № of patients | Effect | Certainty | Importance | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
№ of studies | Study design | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Other considerations | CI | NCI | Relative (95% CI) | Absolute (95% CI) | ||
POD - preoperative MMSE | ||||||||||||
8 | observational studies | not serious | not serious | not serious | not serious | publication bias strongly suspected very strong association all plausible residual confounding would reduce the demonstrated effect a | 146/380 (38.4%) | 156/1108 (14.1%) | OR 5.12 (3.46 to 7.59) | 315 more per 1000 (from 221 more to 414 more) | ⨁⨁⨁⨁ HIGH | CRITICAL |
POD - postoperative MMSE | ||||||||||||
3 | observational studies | not serious | serious b | not serious | serious c | very strong association all plausible residual confounding would reduce the demonstrated effect | 102/163 (62.6%) | 62/303 (20.5%) | OR 5.55 (0.91 to 33.88) | 383 more per 1000 (from 15 fewer to 692 more) | ⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE | CRITICAL |
length of stay in orthopedic wards-postoperative MMSE | ||||||||||||
3 | observational studies | not serious | not serious | not serious | not serious | all plausible residual confounding would reduce the demonstrated effect | 199 | 343 | – | SMD 0.01 lower (0.2 lower to 0.17 higher) | ⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE | IMPORTANT |
length of stay in rehabilitation wards -postoperative MMSE | ||||||||||||
6 | observational studies | not serious | serious d | not serious | not serious | all plausible residual confounding would reduce the demonstrated effect | 477 | 429 | – | SMD 0.2 higher (0.1 lower to 0.49 higher) | ⨁⨁◯◯ LOW | IMPORTANT |