Fig. 3
From: Postoperative remote lung injury and its impact on surgical outcome
Lung oedema due to functional loss of kidney. Factors associated with the initiation of remote lung injury include the accumulation of toxic by-products, enhanced cytokine release and impaired metabolism due to an imbalance of mediators secreted in kidney injury. These insults cause an increase in pulmonary vascular permeability and, therefore, oedema. Key cytokines in the pathogenesis of remote lung injury following AKI are IL-6 and IL-8, which lead to endothelial dysfunction and pulmonary oedema (Modified and reproduced with permission) (Springer Nature; Nature Reviews Nephrology) [13]