Table 3 Summary of topic themes and subthemes identified from the focus groups

The process of setting up NCA/PCA infusion using morphine standardized concentration PFS

Prescribing - paper work

Select PFS of the required standard concentration and check

Programming the pump

Double checking process

Changing syringes on ward

Impact of the morphine PFS system on the process of preparing/administering morphine N/PCA

Faster – less time consuming

Easier to set up

No calculation of concentration

Safer – less errors

Eliminating any errors of how much patient is getting

Less infection risks

Paperwork and pump programming much easier to read

Fixed standardized concentrations in all clinical areas

Use same dose as previous system but volume vary for each patient

Volume of continuous and bolus doses cannot be used as safety net as previous system

Concerns about the morphine PFS system

Risk of picking up the wrong PFS

Out of stock - due to storage limit space or expiry

Human error still same as previous system

Suggestions to overcome concerns and improve the morphine PFS system

Emphasize on the double checking as safety mechanism

Possibility of introducing standard concentration in 50-ml vials to extend expiry and maximize stock storage

Possibility of storing PFS in Omnicell to increase stock level

Make up standard concentration in case of out-of-stock PFS

Order before it ran-out or expired

Look into using of barcoding syringe, label and prescription to avoid wrong selection of syringe

Impact of the morphine PFS system on practice and patient care

Time efficient

Safer practice

Less risk of errors - improve patient safety

Allow focus on the patient rather than on paperwork and preparation

Give more time for teaching trainee